Advances in Urology
Volume 2009 (2009), Article ID 680363, 5 pages
doi:10.1155/2009/680363
Case Report

Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 May Help Downregulate TNF-Alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) in the Neurogenic Bladder of Spinal Cord Injured Patient with Urinary Tract Infections: A Two-Case Study

Kingsley C. Anukam,1,2 Keith Hayes,3 Kelly Summers,2 and Gregor Reid1,2

1Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada

Received 22 September 2008; Revised 6 April 2009; Accepted 6 May 2009

Academic Editor: Flavio Trigo Rocha

Copyright © 2009 Kingsley C. Anukam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. B. M. Wall, T. Mangold, K. M. Huch, C. Corbett, and C. R. Cooke, “Bacteremia in the chronic spinal cord injury population: risk factors for mortality,” The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 248–253, 2003.
  2. M. E. García Leoni and A. E. Esclarín De Ruz, “Management of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 780–785, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  3. B. M. Wall, R. R. Dmochowski, M. Malecha, T. Mangold, M. A. Bobal, and C. R. Cooke, “Inducible nitric oxide synthase in the bladder of spinal cord injured patients with a chronic indwelling urinary catheter,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 165, no. 5, pp. 1457–1461, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  4. Y. Aso, H. Akaza, T. Kotake, T. Tsukamoto, K. Imai, and S. Naito, “Preventive effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double-blind trial. The BLP Study Group,” European Urology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 104–109, 1995.
  5. G. Reid, A. W. Bruce, N. Fraser, C. Heinemann, J. Owen, and B. Henning, “Oral probiotics can resolve urogenital infections,” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 49–52, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  6. G. Reid, D. Charbonneau, J. Erb, et al., “Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women,” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 131–134, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  7. K. C. Anukam, E. Osazuwa, I. Ahonkhai, et al., “Augmentation of antimicrobial metronidazole therapy of bacterial vaginosis with oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial,” Microbes and Infection, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1450–1454, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  8. S. J. Lee, Y. H. Shim, S. J. Cho, and J. W. Lee, “Probiotics prophylaxis in children with persistent primary vesicoureteral reflux,” Pediatric Nephrology, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1315–1320, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  9. L. Hagberg, A. W. Bruce, G. Reid, C. Svanborg Eden, K. Lincoln, and G. Lidin-Janson, “Colonization of the urinary tract with live bacteria from the normal fecal and urethral flora in patients with recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections,” in Host-Parasite Interactions in Urinary Tract Infections, E. H. Kass and C. Svanborg Eden, Eds., pp. 194–197, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill, USA, 1989.
  10. R. O. Darouiche and R. A. Hull, “Bacterial interference for prevention of urinary tract infection: an overview,” The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 136–141, 2000.
  11. C. Rousseaux, X. Thuru, A. Gelot, et al., “Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates intestinal pain and induces opioid and cannabinoid receptors,” Nature Medicine, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 35–37, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  12. M. Lorea Baroja, P. V. Kirjavainen, S. Hekmat, and G. Reid, “Anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic yogurt in inflammatory bowel disease patients,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 470–479, 2007.
  13. A. L. Davies, K. Hayes, and G. A. Dekaban, “Clinical correlates of elevated serum concentrations of cytokines and autoantibodies in patients with spinal cord injury,” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 88, no. 11, pp. 1384–1393, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  14. K. Hayes, T. C. L. Hull, G. A. Delaney, et al., “Elevated serum titers of proinflammatory cytokines and CNS autoantibodies in patients with chronic spinal cord injury,” Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 753–761, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  15. M. Schäfers and C. Sommer, “Anticytokine therapy in neuropathic pain management,” Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1613–1627, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  16. K. B. Waites, K. C. Canupp, and M. J. DeVivo, “Microbiology of the urethra and perineum and its relationship to bacteriuria in community-residing men with spinal cord injury,” The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 448–452, 2004.
  17. G. Otto, J. H. Braconier, A. Andreasson, and C. Svanborg, “Interleukin-6 and disease severity in patients with bacteremic and nonbacteremic febrile urinary tract infection,” The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 179, no. 1, pp. 172–179, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  18. L. S. Sorkin, W.-H. Xiao, R. Wagner, and R. R. Myers, “Tumour necrosis factor-α induces ectopic activity in nociceptive primary afferent fibres,” Neuroscience, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 255–262, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  19. M. Olivares, M. P. Díaz-Ropero, N. Gòmez, et al., “The consumption of two new probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT 5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT 5711, boosts the immune system of healthy humans,” International Microbiology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47–52, 2006.
  20. A. D'Andrea, M. Aste-Amezaga, N. M. Valiante, X. Ma, M. Kubin, and G. Trinchieri, “TInterleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits human lymphocyte interferon gamma-production by suppressing natural killer cell stimulatory factor/IL-12 synthesis in accessory cells,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 178, no. 3, pp. 1041–1048, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  21. M. Sadeghi, V. Daniel, C. Naujokat, R. Weimer, and G. Opelz, “Strikingly higher interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β and soluble interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (sIL-1RA) but similar IL-2, sIL-2R, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, sIL-6R, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 and interferon IFN-γ urine levels in healthy females compared to healthy males: protection against urinary tract injury?,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 142, no. 2, pp. 312–317, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed