The Strong Protective Effect of Circumcision against Cancer of the Penis

Table 3

Association between smegma and penile cancer.

Study [ref.]	𝑛/𝑁^∗	OR (95% CI)	Type
Maden et al. (1993) [3]	80/268	2.1 (1.2–3.8)^†	IPC+CIS
Brinton et al. (1991) [99]	30/97	11 (3.68–32.6)	IPC
Daling et al. (2005) [36]	32/308	1.4 (0.3–6.9)^†	CIS
Daling et al. (2005) [36]	38/314	2.4 (0.7–8)^†	IPC
Meta-analysis (random effects): OR = 3.04 (95% CI = 1.29–7.16)

*Total cases/total participants; ^†Adjusted odds ratio presented in original study.
IPC, invasive penile carcinoma; CIS, carcinoma in situ.