Progress in Personalizing Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer

Table 1

Single gene markers for prognosis and prediction of response in bladder cancer.

Markers	Function	Relation to bladder cancer
p53^34	Tumor suppressor, DNA repair, and apoptosis	p53 mutation associated with high recurrence and progression
ERCC1^41-43	DNA repair	Low expression associated with increased response to platinum-based chemotherapy
RRM1^41,  49	Synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides	High expression with improved survival and possibly resistance to gemcitabine
hENT1^54-55	Nucleoside transporter	Sensitivity to gemcitabine
BRCA1^59	DNA repair	Low expression related to increased response and prolonged survival
MDR1^42,  60	P-glycoprotein efflux pump	High expression associated with resistance to chemotherapy
Bcl-2^64	Antiapoptosis protein	Associated with more advanced stage and worse prognosis