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| Surgical technique | Limitations | Benefits |
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| Metoidioplasty (metaidoioplasty) | Short phallus
Very rarely capable of sexual penetration
Not always enable for voiding whilst standing
Overall complication rate less than 20% | Easy technique
Lower risk of complication
Quick recovery time
No donor-site morbidity |
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| Phalloplasty | | |
| Radial forearm flap | Urinary tract problems
Multiple stages
Stiffener required, or permanent erection if bone is used
Donor-site morbidity
Microsurgical skills required | Possible ability for sexual intercourse.
Possibly, best cosmetic result? (overall complication rate up to 40%) |
| Anterolateral thigh flap | Possibly similar limitations to radial forearm flap
No long-term followup available | Easier to hide the donor site disfigurement
Usually harvested as a pedicle flap |
| Fibula flap | Possibly similar limitations to radial forearm flap
Permanent erection
No recent long-term follow-up available
Microsurgical skills required | Easier to hide the donor site disfigurement |
| Latissimus dorsi flap | Urinary tract not reconstructed
Erection function (based on muscle contraction) questionable
Donor-site morbidity
Sexual and tactile sensitivity not reported
No long-term follow-up available
Microsurgical skills required
| No need of inflatable erection device |
| Suprapubic flap/groin flap | Cosmetic appearance unsatisfactory
Donor-site morbidity?
Urinary tract problem
Fully or partially sensate?
Stiffener or erection possible?
Multiple stages
If urethra is reconstructed, usually it is reconstructed in a different stage, and rarely reach the tip of the penis, but it often opens ventrally
Groin flap requires a minimum of two stages | Easy technique |
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