Surgical Approaches to Supradiaphragmatic Segment of IVC and Right Atrium through Abdominal Cavity during Intravenous Tumor Thrombus Removal

Table 4

Feasibility options and risk analysis of different approaches to the supradiaphragmatic IVC.

Combined parameters	Type of diaphragmotomy
	Transverse diaphragmotomy		T-shaped diaphragmotomy		Circular diaphragmotomy		IVC isolation in pericardium
	(N)	(%)	(N)	(%)	(N)	(%)	(N)	(%)
Easy + safe	2	5.7	19	54.3	9	25.7	3	8.6
Easy + risky	9	25.7	7	20	18	51.4	11	31.4
Easy + trauma	0	0	0	0	1	2.9	0	0
Difficult + safe	2	5.7	2	5.7	2	5.7	3	8.6
Difficult + risky	15	42.9	7	20	4	11.4	16	45.7
Difficult + trauma	3	8.6	0	0	1	2.9	0	0
Impossible + risky	4	11.4	0	0	0	0	2	5.7
Difficult + trauma	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Total	35	100	35	100	35	100	35	100