Research Article
Ultrasound Guidance for Renal Tract Access and Dilation Reduces Radiation Exposure during Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Table 1
Patient characteristics and perioperative parameters.
| | Parameter | Ultrasound group
() | Fluoroscopy group
() | value |
| | Preoperative characteristics | | | | | Mean (SD) age | 52.7 ± 17.2 | 52.9 ± 14.3 | 0.96 | | Gender, (%) | | | | | Male | 17 (44.7) | 19 (50.0) | 0.65 | | Female | 21 (55.3) | 19 (50.0) | | Mean (SD) BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 7.3 | 30.3 ± 8.2 | 0.03 | | Mean (SD) preoperative serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.92 ± 0.33 | 0.97 ± 0.37 | 0.51 | | Mean (SD) preoperative hematocrit (%) | 39.0 ± 5.9 | 40.1 ± 4.9 | 0.38 | | ASA physical status, (%) | | | | | Class 1 | 7 (18.4) | 6 (15.8) | 0.36 | | Class 2 | 17 (44.7) | 23 (60.5) | | Class 3 | 14 (36.9) | 9 (23.7) | | Stone laterality, (%) | | | | | Right | 15 (39.5) | 16 (42.1) | 0.82 | | Left | 23 (60.5) | 22 (57.9) | | Stone type and position, (%) | | | | | Calyceal renal stone | 12 (31.6) | 9 (23.7) | 0.24 | | Renal pelvic stone | 10 (26.3) | 14 (36.8) | | Staghorn stone | 6 (15.8) | 6 (15.8) | | Proximal ureteral stone | 3 (7.9) | 7 (18.4) | | Multiple stones | 7 (18.4) | 2 (5.3) | | Mean (SD) stone size (millimeters) | 27.2 ± 17.6 | 28.5 ± 14.5 | 0.72 | | Degree of hydronephrosis, (%) | | | | | None | 20 (52.6) | 15 (39.5) | 0.59 | | Mild | 8 (21.1) | 13 (34.2) | | Moderate | 8 (21.1) | 8 (21.1) | | Severe | 2 (5.2) | 2 (5.2) |
| | Intraoperative measurements | | | | | Mean (SD) puncture time (seconds) | 135.4 ± 132.5 | NA | | | Puncture location, (%) | | | | | Upper calyx | 16 (42.1) | 3 (7.9) | 0.00 | | Middle calyx | 7 (18.4) | 1 (2.6) | | Lower calyx | 15 (39.5) | 34 (89.5) | | Mean (SD) dilation time (minutes) | 11.5 ± 3.8 | NA | | | Mean (SD) fragmentation time (minutes) | 37.5 ± 29.0 | NA | | | Mean (SD) total operative time (minutes) | 129.3 ± 41.1 | 147.1 ± 52.1 | 0.11 | | Mean (SD) radiation exposure dose (mGy) | 3.1 ± 3.2 | 47.5 ± 52.3 | 0.00 | | Mean (SD) fluoroscopic screening time (seconds) | 17.7 ± 13.3 | 182.9 ± 119.0 | 0.00 |
| | Postoperative outcomes | | | | | Mean (SD) postoperative serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.92 ± 0.37 | 1.01 ± 0.39 | 0.33 | | Mean (SD) difference in preoperative and postoperative hematocrit (%) | 4.0 ± 5.6 | 2.6 ± 3.5 | 0.18 | | Mean (SD) hospital stay (days) | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 0.67 | | Postoperative complication, (%) | | | | | Grade 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.56 | | Grade 2 | 1 (2.6) | 0 | | Grade 3 | 0 | 2 (5.3) | | Stone-free status, (%) | | | | | Stone-free | 38 (100) | 34 (89.4) | 0.12 | | Insignificant residual stone | 0 | 2 (5.3) | | Significant residual stone | 0 | 2 (5.3) |
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