Copyright © 2012 Nadine A. Dalrymple and Erich R. Mackow. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. D. J. Gubler, “Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: history and current status,” Novartis Foundation Symposium, vol. 277, pp. 3–16, 2006. View at Scopus
2. S. B. Halstead, “Dengue,” The Lancet, vol. 370, no. 9599, pp. 1644–1652, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
3. S. B. Halstead, “Pathophysiology,” in Dengue, S. B. Halstead, Ed., vol. 5, pp. 265–326, Imperial College Press, London, UK, 2008.
4. B. E. E. Martina, P. Koraka, and A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, “Dengue virus pathogenesis: an integrated view,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 564–581, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. A. Basu and U. C. Chaturvedi, “Vascular endothelium: the battlefield of dengue viruses,” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 287–299, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. A. Takada and Y. Kawaoka, “Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection: molecular mechanisms and in vivo implications,” Reviews in Medical Virology, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 387–398, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. S. B. Halstead, “Antibodies determine virulence in Dengue,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1171, no. 1, pp. E48–E56, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. R. M. Zellweger, T. R. Prestwood, and S. Shresta, “Enhanced infection of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in a mouse model of antibody-induced severe Dengue disease,” Cell Host and Microbe, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 128–139, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. K. Jessie, M. Y. Fong, S. Devi, S. K. Lam, and K. T. Wong, “Localization of dengue virus in naturally infected human tissues, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 189, no. 8, pp. 1411–1418, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. A. Nisalak, S. B. Halstead, P. Singharaj, S. Udomsakdi, S. W. Nye, and K. Vinijchaikul, “Observations related to pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. 3. Virologic studies of fatal disease.,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 293–310, 1970. View at Scopus
11. M. R. Huerre, N. Trong Lan, P. Marianneau et al., “Liver histopathology and biological correlates in five cases of fatal dengue fever in Vietnamese children,” Virchows Archiv, vol. 438, no. 2, pp. 107–115, 2001. View at Scopus
12. L. Rosen, M. T. Drouet, and V. Deubel, “Detection of dengue virus RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the liver and lymphoid organs but not in the brain in fatal human infection,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 720–724, 1999. View at Scopus
13. L. Rosen, M. M. Khin, and T. U, “Recovery of virus from the liver of children with fatal dengue: reflections on the pathogenesis of the disease and its possible analogy with that of yellow fever,” Research in Virology, vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 351–360, 1989. View at Scopus
14. D. M. Salgado, J. M. Eltit, K. Mansfield et al., “Heart and skeletal muscle are targets of dengue virus infection,” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 238–242, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. J. Fink, F. Gu, L. Ling, et al., “Host gene expression profiling of dengue virus infection in cell lines and patients,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 1, no. 2, p. e86, 2007.
16. P. Avirutnan, N. Punyadee, S. Noisakran et al., “Vascular leakage in severe dengue virus infections: a potential role for the nonstructural viral protein NS1 and complement,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 193, no. 8, pp. 1078–1088, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. K. A. Stoermer and T. E. Morrison, “Complement and viral pathogenesis,” Virology, vol. 411, no. 2, pp. 362–373, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. T. H. Nguyen, H. Y. Lei, T. L. Nguyen et al., “Dengue hemorrhagic fever in infants: a study of clinical and cytokine profiles,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 189, no. 2, pp. 221–232, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. A. R. Johnson, T. E. Hugli, and H. J. Mueller Eberhard, “Release of histamine from rat mast cells by the complement peptides C3a and C5a,” Immunology, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1067–1080, 1975. View at Scopus
20. G. Nilsson, M. Johnell, C. H. Hammer et al., “C3a and C5a are chemotaxins for human mast cells and act through distinct receptors via a pertussis toxin-sensitive signal transduction pathway,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 157, no. 4, pp. 1693–1698, 1996. View at Scopus
21. C. Kemper and D. E. Hourcade, “Properdin: new roles in pattern recognition and target clearance,” Molecular Immunology, vol. 45, no. 16, pp. 4048–4056, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. C. Kemper, L. M. Mitchell, L. Zhang, and D. E. Hourcade, “The complement protein properdin binds apoptotic T cells and promotes complement activation and phagocytosis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 26, pp. 9023–9028, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. M. Tuchinda, B. Dhorranintra, and P. Tuchinda, “Histamine content in 24 hour urine in patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever,” Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 80–83, 1977. View at Scopus
24. A. L. S. John, A. P. S. Rathore, H. Yap et al., “Immune surveillance by mast cells during dengue infection promotes natural killer (NK) and NKT-cell recruitment and viral clearance,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 22, pp. 9190–9195, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. A. Srikiatkhachorn, “Plasma leakage in dengue haemorrhagic fever,” Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 102, no. 6, pp. 1042–1049, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. P. Avirutnan, P. Malasit, B. Seliger, S. Bhakdi, and M. Husmann, “Dengue virus infection of human endothelial cells leads to chemokine production, complement activation, and apoptosis,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 161, no. 11, pp. 6338–6346, 1998. View at Scopus
27. A. Azizan, J. Sweat, C. Espino, J. Gemmer, L. Stark, and D. Kazanis, “Differential proinflammatory and angiogenesis-specific cytokine production in human pulmonary endothelial cells, HPMEC-ST1.6R infected with dengue-2 and dengue-3 virus,” Journal of Virological Methods, vol. 138, no. 1-2, pp. 211–217, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. I. Kurane, B. L. Innis, S. Nimmannitya et al., “Human immune responses to dengue viruses.,” The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 658–662, 1990. View at Scopus
29. S. Green, D. W. Vaughn, S. Kalayanarooj et al., “Early immune activation in acute dengue illness is related to development of plasma leakage and disease severity,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 755–762, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
30. S. J. Balsitis, J. Coloma, G. Castro et al., “Tropism of dengue virus in mice and humans defined by viral nonstructural protein 3-specific immunostaining,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 416–424, 2009. View at Scopus
31. S. J. Balsitis and E. Harris, “Animal models of dengue virus infection and disease: applications, insights and frontiers,” in Frontiers in Dengue Virus Research, K. A. Hanley and S. C. Weaver, Eds., pp. 103–115, Caister Academic Press, 2010.
32. H. F. Dvorak, “Vascular permeability to plasma, plasma proteins, and cells: an update,” Current Opinion in Hematology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 225–229, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
33. D. B. Cines, E. S. Pollak, C. A. Buck et al., “Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders,” Blood, vol. 91, no. 10, pp. 3527–3561, 1998. View at Scopus
34. W. C. Aird, “Endothelium as an organ system,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 32, no. 5, supplement, pp. S271–279, 2004. View at Scopus
35. G. Valbuena and D. H. Walker, “The endothelium as a target for infections,” Annual Review of Pathology, vol. 1, pp. 171–198, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. M. G. Lampugnani and E. Dejana, “Adherens junctions in endothelial cells regulate vessel maintenance and angiogenesis,” Thrombosis Research, vol. 120, supplement 2, pp. S1–S6, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. R. V. Warke, K. Xhaja, K. J. Martin et al., “Dengue virus induces novel changes in gene expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells,” Journal of Virology, vol. 77, no. 21, pp. 11822–11832, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
38. S. Kalayanarooj, D. W. Vaughn, S. Nimmannitya et al., “Early clinical and laboratory indicators of acute dengue illness,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 176, no. 2, pp. 313–321, 1997. View at Scopus
39. J. E. Cardier, B. Rivas, E. Romano et al., “Evidence of vascular damage in dengue disease: demonstration of high levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules and circulating endothelial cells,” Endothelium, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 335–340, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
40. D. Sosothikul, P. Seksarn, S. Pongsewalak, U. Thisyakorn, and J. Lusher, “Activation of endothelial cells, coagulation and fibrinolysis in children with Dengue virus infection,” Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 627–634, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. M. G. Lampugnani and E. Dejana, “The control of endothelial cell functions by adherens junctions,” Novartis Foundation Symposium, vol. 283, pp. 4–13, 2007. View at Scopus
42. P. Malasit, “Complement and dengue haemorrhagic fever/shock syndrome,” The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 316–320, 1987. View at Scopus
43. V. Churdboonchart, N. Bhamarapravati, and P. Futrakul, “Crossed immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of split products of the third complement in dengue hemorrhagic fever. I. Observations in patients' plasma,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 569–576, 1983. View at Scopus
44. K. Nishioka, “Serum complement level in dengue hemorrhagic fever,” Allergie und Immunologie, vol. 20-21, no. 4, pp. 385–392, 1974. View at Scopus
45. M. F. Shaio, F. Y. Chang, and S. C. Hou, “Complement pathway activity in serum from patients with classical dengue fever,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 672–675, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
46. N. A. Dalrymple and E. R. Mackow, “Endothelial cells elicit immune-enhancing responses to dengue virus infection,” Journal of Virology, vol. 86, no. 12, pp. 6408–6415, 2012.
47. S. Alcon-LePoder, M. T. Drouet, P. Roux et al., “The secreted form of dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 is endocytosed by hepatocytes and accumulates in late endosomes: implications for viral infectivity,” Journal of Virology, vol. 79, no. 17, pp. 11403–11411, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. M. G. Jacobs, P. J. Robinson, C. Bletchly, J. M. Mackenzie, and P. R. Young, “Dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 is expressed in a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked form that is capable of signal transduction,” FASEB Journal, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1603–1610, 2000. View at Scopus
49. S. Noisakran, T. Dechtawewat, P. Avirutnan et al., “Association of dengue virus NS1 protein with lipid rafts,” Journal of General Virology, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 2492–2500, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
50. D. H. Libraty, P. R. Young, D. Pickering et al., “High circulating levels of the dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 early in dengue illness correlate with the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 186, no. 8, pp. 1165–1168, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
51. C. F. Lin, H. Y. Lei, A. L. Shiau et al., “Antibodies from dengue patient sera cross-react with endothelial cells and induce damage,” Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 82–90, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
52. C. F. Lin, H. Y. Lei, A. L. Shiau et al., “Endothelial cell apoptosis induced by antibodies against dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 via production of nitric oxide,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 657–664, 2002. View at Scopus
53. Y. S. Lin, C. F. Lin, H. Y. Lei et al., “Antibody-mediated endothelial cell damage via nitric oxide,” Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 213–221, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
54. P. Avirutnan, L. Zhang, N. Punyadee et al., “Secreted NS1 of dengue virus attaches to the surface of cells via interactions with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E,” PLoS Pathogens, vol. 3, no. 11, article e183, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. K. M. Chung, B. S. Thompson, D. H. Fremont, and M. S. Diamond, “Antibody recognition of cell surface-associated NS1 triggers Fc-γ receptor-mediated phagocytosis and clearance of West Nile virus-infected cells,” Journal of Virology, vol. 81, no. 17, pp. 9551–9555, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
56. K. M. Chung, G. E. Nybakken, B. S. Thompson et al., “Antibodies against West Nile virus nonstructural protein NS1 prevent lethal infection through Fc γ receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms,” Journal of Virology, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 1340–1351, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
57. P. Avirutnan, R. E. Hauhart, P. Somnuke, A. M. Blom, M. S. Diamond, and J. P. Atkinson, “Binding of flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1 to C4b binding protein modulates complement activation,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 187, no. 1, pp. 424–433, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
58. P. Avirutnan, A. Fuchs, R. E. Hauhart et al., “Antagonism of the complement component C4 by flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 207, no. 4, pp. 793–806, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
59. C. F. Lin, S. C. Chiu, Y. L. Hsiao et al., “Expression of cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecules during endothelial cell activation induced by antibodies against dengue virus nonstructural protein 1,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 174, no. 1, pp. 395–403, 2005. View at Scopus
60. T. E. Mollnes and M. Kirschfink, “Strategies of therapeutic complement inhibition,” Molecular Immunology, vol. 43, no. 1-2, pp. 107–121, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
61. J. M. Thurman, D. M. Kraus, G. Girardi et al., “A novel inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss in mice,” Molecular Immunology, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 87–97, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
62. B. P. Morgan and C. L. Harris, “Complement therapeutics; history and current progress,” Molecular Immunology, vol. 40, no. 2–4, pp. 159–170, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
63. A. Ündar, H. C. Eichstaedt, F. J. Clubb et al., “Novel anti-factor D monoclonal antibody inhibits complement and leukocyte activation in a baboon model of cardiopulmonary bypass,” Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 355–362, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
64. J. R. Teijaro, K. B. Walsh, S. Cahalan, et al., “Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection,” Cell, vol. 146, no. 6, pp. 980–991, 2011.
65. J. A. Pawitan, “Potential agents against plasma leakage,” ISRN Pharmacol, vol. 2011, Article ID 975048, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
66. S. J. Balsitis, K. L. Williams, R. Lachica et al., “Lethal antibody enhancement of dengue disease in mice is prevented by Fc modification,” PLoS Pathogens, vol. 6, no. 2, Article ID e1000790, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
67. G. K. Tan, J. K. W. Ng, S. L. Trasti, W. Schul, G. Yip, and S. Alonso, “A non mouse-adapted dengue virus strain as a new model of severe dengue infection in AG129 mice,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 4, no. 4, article e672, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
68. S. Shresta, K. L. Sharar, D. M. Prigozhin, P. R. Beatty, and E. Harris, “Murine model for dengue virus-induced lethal disease with increased vascular permeability,” Journal of Virology, vol. 80, no. 20, pp. 10208–10217, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
69. H. C. Chen, F. M. Hofman, J. T. Kung, Y. D. Lin, and B. A. Wu-Hsieh, “Both virus and tumor necrosis factor alpha are critical for endothelium damage in a mouse model of dengue virus-induced hemorrhage,” Journal of Virology, vol. 81, no. 11, pp. 5518–5526, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
70. M. T. Arévalo, P. J. Simpson-Haidaris, Z. Kou, J. J. Schlesinger, and X. Jin, “Primary human endothelial cells support direct but not antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue viral infection,” Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 519–528, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
71. K. Elvevold, B. Smedsrød, and I. Martinez, “The liver sinusoidal endothelial cell: a cell type of controversial and confusing identity,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 294, no. 2, pp. G391–G400, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
72. E. Navarro-Sánchez, P. Desprès, and L. Cedillo-Barrón, “Innate immune responses to dengue virus,” Archives of Medical Research, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 425–435, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
73. M. S. Diamond and E. Harris, “Interferon inhibits dengue virus infection by preventing translation of viral RNA through a PKR-independent mechanism,” Virology, vol. 289, no. 2, pp. 297–311, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
74. M. S. Diamond, T. G. Roberts, D. Edgil, B. Lu, J. Ernst, and E. Harris, “Modulation of dengue virus infection in human cells by alpha, beta, and gamma interferons,” Journal of Virology, vol. 74, no. 11, pp. 4957–4966, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
75. J. L. Muñoz-Jordán, G. G. Sánchez-Burgos, M. Laurent-Rolle, and A. García-Sastre, “Inhibition of interferon signaling by dengue virus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 14333–14338, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
76. D. Gomez and N. C. Reich, “Stimulation of primary human endothelial cell proliferation by IFN1,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 170, no. 11, pp. 5373–5381, 2003. View at Scopus
77. A. J. Johnson and J. T. Roehrig, “New mouse model for dengue virus vaccine testing,” Journal of Virology, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 783–786, 1999. View at Scopus
78. J. Ashour, M. Laurent-Rolle, P. Y. Shi, and A. García-Sastre, “NS5 of dengue virus mediates STAT2 binding and degradation,” Journal of Virology, vol. 83, no. 11, pp. 5408–5418, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
79. J. Ashour, J. Morrison, M. Laurent-Rolle et al., “Mouse STAT2 restricts early dengue virus replication,” Cell Host and Microbe, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 410–421, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
80. M. C. Cassetti, A. Durbin, E. Harris et al., “Report of an NIAID workshop on dengue animal models,” Vaccine, vol. 28, no. 26, pp. 4229–4234, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
81. C. A. Sariol, J. L. Muñoz-Jordan, K. Abel et al., “Transcriptional activation of interferon-stimulated genes but not of cytokine genes after primary infection of rhesus macaques with dengue virus type 1,” Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 756–766, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
82. R. E. Unger, V. Krump-Konvalinkova, K. Peters, and C. James Kirkpatrick, “In vitro expression of the endothelial phenotype: comparative study of primary isolated cells and cell lines, including the novel cell line HPMEC-ST1.6R,” Microvascular Research, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 384–397, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
83. F. Kiessling, C. Haller, and J. Kartenbeck, “Cell-cell contacts in the human cell line ECV304 exhibit both endothelial and epithelial characteristics,” Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 297, no. 1, pp. 131–140, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
84. W. G. Dirks, R. A. F. Macleod, and H. G. Drexler, “ECV304 (endothelial) is really T24 (bladder carcinoma): cell line cross- contamination at source,” In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 558–559, 1999. View at Scopus
85. I. Bosch, K. Xhaja, L. Estevez et al., “Increased production of interleukin-8 in primary human monocytes and in human epithelial and endothelial cell lines after dengue virus challenge,” Journal of Virology, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 5588–5597, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
86. A. Bunyaratvej, P. Butthep, S. Yoksan, and N. Bhamarapravati, “Dengue viruses induce cell proliferation and morphological changes of endothelial cells,” Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, vol. 28, supplement 3, pp. 32–37, 1997. View at Scopus
87. Y. H. Huang, H. Y. Lei, H. S. Liu, Y. S. Lin, C. C. Liu, and T. M. Yeh, “Dengue virus infects human endothelial cells and induces IL-6 and IL-8 production,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 63, no. 1-2, pp. 71–75, 2000. View at Scopus
88. N. Dalrymple and E. R. Mackow, “Productive dengue virus infection of human endothelial cells is directed by heparan sulfate-containing proteoglycan receptors,” Journal of Virology, vol. 85, pp. 9478–9485, 2011.
89. D. Talavera, A. M. Castillo, M. C. Dominguez, A. Escobar Gutierrez, and I. Meza, “IL8 release, tight junction and cytoskeleton dynamic reorganization conducive to permeability increase are induced by dengue virus infection of microvascular endothelial monolayers,” Journal of General Virology, vol. 85, no. 7, pp. 1801–1813, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
90. K. Okamoto, H. Kinoshita, C. Parquet Mdel, et al., “Dengue virus strain DEN2 16681 utilizes a specific glycochain of syndecan-2 proteoglycan as a receptor,” Journal of General Virology, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 761–770, 2012.
91. R. Anderson, S. Wang, C. Osiowy, and A. C. Issekutz, “Activation of endothelial cells via antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection of peripheral blood monocytes,” Journal of Virology, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 4226–4232, 1997. View at Scopus
92. C. N. Peyrefitte, B. Pastorino, G. E. Grau, J. Lou, H. Tolou, and P. Couissinier-Paris, “Dengue virus infection of human microvascular endothelial cells from different vascular beds promotes both common and specific functional changes,” Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 229–242, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
93. B. E. Dewi, T. Takasaki, and I. Kurane, “Peripheral blood mononuclear cells increase the permeability of dengue virus-infected endothelial cells in association with downregulation of vascular endothelial cadherin,” Journal of General Virology, vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 642–652, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
94. M. Corada, M. Mariotti, G. Thurston et al., “Vascular endothelial-cadherin is an important determinant of microvascular integrity in vivo,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, no. 17, pp. 9815–9820, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
95. A. Azizan, K. Fitzpatrick, A. Signorovitz et al., “Profile of time-dependent VEGF upregulation in human pulmonary endothelial cells, HPMEC-ST1.6R infected with DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4 viruses,” Virology Journal, vol. 6, article 49, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
96. M. Rampart, J. Van Damme, L. Zonnekeyn, and A. G. Herman, “Granulocyte chemotactic protein/interleukin-8 induces plasma leakage and neutrophil accumulation in rabbit skin,” American Journal of Pathology, vol. 135, no. 1, pp. 21–25, 1989. View at Scopus
97. M. E. W. Hammond, G. R. Lapointe, P. H. Feucht et al., “IL-8 induces neutrophil chemotaxis predominantly via type I IL-8 receptors,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 1428–1433, 1995. View at Scopus