- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
Advances in Virology
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 487585, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/487585
Cellular Factors Implicated in Filovirus Entry
1University of Mumbai and Department of Atomic Energy-Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Health Centre Building, Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santacruz East, Mumbai 400098, India
2Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
Received 18 October 2012; Revised 17 December 2012; Accepted 18 December 2012
Academic Editor: Amiya K. Banerjee
Copyright © 2013 Suchita Bhattacharyya and Thomas J. Hope. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- A. Sanchez, T. W. Geisbert, and H. Feldmann, “Filoviridae: marburg and Ebola viruses,” in Fields Virology, D. Knipe, Ed., pp. 1409–1448, 5th edition, 2007.
- J. H. Kuhn, S. Becker, H. Ebihara et al., “Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations,” Archives of Virology, vol. 155, no. 12, pp. 2083–2103, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Mahanty and M. Bray, “Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 487–498, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Sanchez, S. G. Trappier, B. W. J. Mahy, C. J. Peters, and S. T. Nichol, “The virion glycoproteins of Ebola viruses are encoded in two reading frames and are expressed through transcriptional editing,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 93, no. 8, pp. 3602–3607, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Feldmann, S. T. Nichol, H. D. Klenk, C. J. Peters, and A. Sanchez, “Characterization of filoviruses based on differences in structure and antigenicity of the virion glycoprotein,” Virology, vol. 199, no. 2, pp. 469–473, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Feldmann, H. D. Klenk, and A. Sanchez, “Molecular biology and evolution of filoviruses,” Archives of Virology, vol. 7, pp. 81–100, 1993. View at Scopus
- M. E. G. Miranda, M. E. White, M. M. Dayrit, C. G. Hayes, T. G. Ksiazek, and J. P. Burans, “Seroepidemiological study of filovirus related to Ebola in the Philippines,” The Lancet, vol. 337, no. 8738, pp. 425–426, 1991. View at Scopus
- P. B. Jahrling, T. W. Geisbert, D. W. Dalgard et al., “Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA,” The Lancet, vol. 335, no. 8688, pp. 502–505, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. P. Kiley, E. T. W. Bowen, and G. A. Eddy, “Filoviridae: a taxonomic home for Marburg and Ebola viruses?” Intervirology, vol. 18, no. 1-2, pp. 24–32, 1982. View at Scopus
- H. Feldmann and H. D. Klenk, “Marburg and Ebola viruses,” Advances in virus research, vol. 47, pp. 1–52, 1996. View at Scopus
- K. M. Johnson, P. A. Webb, J. V. Lange, and F. A. Murphy, “Isolation and partial characterisation of a new virus causing acute haemorrhagic fever in Zaire,” The Lancet, vol. 1, no. 8011, pp. 569–571, 1977. View at Scopus
- H. Feldmann, S. Jones, H. D. Klenk, and H. J. Schnittler, “Ebola virus: from discovery to vaccine,” Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 677–685, 2003. View at Scopus
- S. F. Dowell, R. Mukunu, T. G. Ksiazek, A. S. Khan, P. E. Rollin, and C. J. Peters, “Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 179, supplement 1, pp. S87–S91, 1999. View at Scopus
- S. Y. Chan, R. F. Speck, M. C. Ma, and M. A. Goldsmith, “Distinct mechanisms of entry by envelope glycoproteins of Marburg and Ebola (Zaire) viruses,” Journal of Virology, vol. 74, no. 10, pp. 4933–4937, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. J. Wool-Lewis and P. Bates, “Characterization of Ebola virus entry by using pseudotyped viruses: identification of receptor-deficient cell lines,” Journal of Virology, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 3155–3160, 1998. View at Scopus
- P. Aleksandrowicz, K. Wolf, D. Falzarano, H. Feldmann, J. Seebach, and H. J. Schnittler, “Viral haemorrhagic fever and vascular alterations,” Hamostaseologie, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 77–84, 2008. View at Scopus
- A. Groseth, H. Feldmann, and J. E. Strong, “The ecology of Ebola virus,” Trends in Microbiology, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 408–416, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. M. Leroy, B. Kumulungui, X. Pourrut et al., “Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus,” Nature, vol. 438, no. 7068, pp. 575–576, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- X. Pourrut, M. Souris, J. S. Towner et al., “Large serological survey showing cocirculation of Ebola and Marburg viruses in Gabonese bat populations, and a high seroprevalence of both viruses in Rousettus aegyptiacus,” BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 9, article 1471, p. 159, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Swanepoel, S. B. Smit, P. E. Rollin et al., “Studies of reservoir hosts for Marburg virus,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1847–1851, 2007. View at Scopus
- J. S. Towner, X. Pourrut, C. G. Albariño et al., “Marburg virus infection detected in a common African bat,” PloS One, vol. 2, no. 1, p. e764, 2007. View at Scopus
- L. Borio, T. Inglesby, C. J. Peters et al., “Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 287, no. 18, pp. 2391–2405, 2002.
- H. Feldmann and M. P. Kiley, “Classification, structure, and replication of filoviruses,” Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 235, pp. 1–21, 1998. View at Scopus
- C. Will, E. Muhlberger, D. Linder, W. Slenczka, H. D. Klenk, and H. Feldmann, “Marburg virus gene 4 encodes the virion membrane protein, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein,” Journal of Virology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 1203–1210, 1993. View at Scopus
- A. Sanchez, Z. Y. Yang, L. Xu, G. J. Nabel, T. Crews, and C. J. Peters, “Biochemical analysis of the secreted and virion glycoproteins of Ebola virus,” Journal of Virology, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 6442–6447, 1998. View at Scopus
- V. E. Volchkov, H. Feldmann, V. A. Volchkova, and H. D. Klenk, “Processing of the Ebola virus glycoprotein by the proprotein convertase furin,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, no. 10, pp. 5762–5767, 1998. View at Scopus
- G. Simmons, R. J. Wool-Lewis, F. Baribaud, R. C. Netter, and P. Bates, “Ebola virus glycoproteins induce global surface protein down-modulation and loss of cell adherence,” Journal of Virology, vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 2518–2528, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Takada, “Filovirus tropism: cellular molecules for viral entry,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 3, article 34, 2012.
- E. Nakayama, K. Matsuno, N. Kishida, R. Yoshida, H. Feldmann, and A. Takada, “Antibody-dependent enhancement of marburg virus infection,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 204, supplement 3, pp. S978–S985, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. Takada, H. Ebihara, H. Feldmann, T. W. Geisbert, and Y. Kawaoka, “Epitopes required for antibody-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 196, supplement 2, pp. S347–S356, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. E. Lee and E. O. Saphire, “Ebolavirus glycoprotein structure and mechanism of entry,” Future Virology, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 621–635, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. E. Lee, M. L. Fusco, A. J. Hessell, W. B. Oswald, D. R. Burton, and E. O. Saphire, “Structure of the Ebola virus glycoprotein bound to an antibody from a human survivor,” Nature, vol. 454, no. 7201, pp. 177–182, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. N. Malashkevich, B. J. Schneider, M. L. Mcnally, M. A. Milhollen, J. X. Pang, and P. S. Kim, “Core structure of the envelope glycoprotein GP2 from Ebola virus at 1.9-Å resolution,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 2662–2667, 1999. View at Scopus
- V. E. Volchkov, V. A. Volchkova, U. Ströher et al., “Proteolytic processing of Marburg virus glycoprotein,” Virology, vol. 268, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Sanchez, S. G. Trappier, U. Ströher, S. T. Nichol, M. D. Bowen, and H. Feldmann, “Variation in the glycoprotein and VP35 genes of Marburg virus strains,” Virology, vol. 240, no. 1, pp. 138–146, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Feldmann, C. Will, M. Schikore, W. Slenczka, and H. D. Klenk, “Glycosylation and oligomerization of the spike protein of Marburg virus,” Virology, vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 353–356, 1991. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Takada, S. Watanabe, H. Ito, K. Okazaki, H. Kida, and Y. Kawaoka, “Downregulation of β1 integrins by Ebola virus glycoprotein: implication for virus entry,” Virology, vol. 278, no. 1, pp. 20–26, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Marzi, A. Akhavan, G. Simmons et al., “The signal peptide of the ebolavirus glycoprotein influences interaction with the cellular lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR,” Journal of Virology, vol. 80, no. 13, pp. 6305–6317, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- X. Ji, G. G. Olinger, S. Aris, Y. Chen, H. Gewurz, and G. T. Spear, “Mannose-binding lectin binds to Ebola and Marburg envelope glycoproteins, resulting in blocking of virus interaction with DC-SIGN and complement-mediated virus neutralization,” Journal of General Virology, vol. 86, no. 9, pp. 2535–2542, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Takada, K. Fujioka, M. Tsuiji et al., “Human macrophage C-type lectin specific for galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine promotes filovirus entry,” Journal of Virology, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 2943–2947, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Simmons, J. D. Reeves, C. C. Grogan et al., “DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR bind Ebola glycoproteins and enhance infection of macrophages and endothelial cells,” Virology, vol. 305, no. 1, pp. 115–123, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. P. Alvarez, F. Lasala, J. Carrillo, O. Muñiz, A. L. Corbí, and R. Delgado, “C-type lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN mediate cellular entry by Ebola virus in cis and in trans,” Journal of Virology, vol. 76, no. 13, pp. 6841–6844, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Matsuno, N. Kishida, K. Usami et al., “Different potential of C-type lectin-mediated entry between Marburg virus strains,” Journal of Virology, vol. 84, no. 10, pp. 5140–5147, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Matsuno, E. Nakayama, O. Noyori et al., “C-type lectins do not act as functional receptors for filovirus entry into cells,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 403, no. 1, pp. 144–148, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Simmons, A. J. Rennekamp, N. Chai, L. H. Vandenberghe, J. L. Riley, and P. Bates, “Folate receptor alpha and caveolae are not required for Ebola virus glycoprotein-mediated viral infection,” Journal of Virology, vol. 77, no. 24, pp. 13433–13438, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Y. Chan, C. J. Empig, F. J. Welte et al., “Folate receptor-α is a cofactor for cellular entry by Marburg and Ebola viruses,” Cell, vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 117–126, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. L. Hunt, A. A. Kolokoltsov, R. A. Davey, and W. Maury, “The Tyro3 receptor kinase Axl enhances macropinocytosis of Zaire ebolavirus,” Journal of Virology, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 334–347, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Shimojima, A. Takada, H. Ebihara et al., “Tyro3 family-mediated cell entry of Ebola and Marburg viruses,” Journal of Virology, vol. 80, no. 20, pp. 10109–10116, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. A. Brindley, C. L. Hunt, A. S. Kondratowicz et al., “Tyrosine kinase receptor Axl enhances entry of Zaire ebolavirus without direct interactions with the viral glycoprotein,” Virology, vol. 415, no. 2, pp. 83–94, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Hoenen, A. Groseth, D. Falzarano, and H. Feldmann, “Ebola virus: unravelling pathogenesis to combat a deadly disease,” Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 206–215, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. H. Kuhn, S. R. Radoshitzky, A. C. Guth et al., “Conserved receptor-binding domains of Lake Victoria marburgvirus and Zaire ebolavirus bind a common receptor,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 281, no. 23, pp. 15951–15958, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Manicassamy, J. Wang, E. Rumschlag et al., “Characterization of Marburg virus glycoprotein in viral entry,” Virology, vol. 358, no. 1, pp. 79–88, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Wang, B. Manicassamy, M. Caffrey, and L. Rong, “Characterization of the receptor-binding domain of ebola glycoprotein in viral entry,” Virologica Sinica, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 156–170, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. S. Kondratowicz, N. J. Lennemann, P. L. Sinn et al., “T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is a receptor for Zaire ebolavirus and Lake Victoria marburgvirus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 20, pp. 8426–8431, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Kobayashi, P. Karisola, V. Peña-Cruz et al., “TIM-1 and TIM-4 glycoproteins bind phosphatidylserine and mediate uptake of apoptotic cells,” Immunity, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 927–940, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Shiratsuchi, M. Kaido, T. Takizawa, and Y. Nakanishi, “Phosphatidylserine-mediated phagocytosis of influenza A virus-infected cells by mouse peritoneal macrophages,” Journal of Virology, vol. 74, no. 19, pp. 9240–9244, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Ichimura, E. J. P. V. Asseldonk, B. D. Humphreys, L. Gunaratnam, J. S. Duffield, and J. V. Bonventre, “Kidney injury molecule-1 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that confers a phagocytic phenotype on epithelial cells,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 118, no. 5, pp. 1657–1668, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Yonezawa, M. Cavrois, and W. C. Greene, “Studies of Ebola virus glycoprotein-mediated entry and fusion by using pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions: involvement of cytoskeletal proteins and enhancement by tumor necrosis factor alpha,” Journal of Virology, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 918–926, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Ruthel, G. L. Demmin, G. Kallstrom et al., “Association of Ebola virus matrix protein Vp40 with microtubules,” Journal of Virology, vol. 79, no. 8, pp. 4709–4719, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. F. Saeed, A. A. Kolokoltsov, T. Albrecht, and R. A. Davey, “Cellular entry of Ebola virus involves uptake by a macropinocytosis-like mechanism and subsequent trafficking through early and late endosomes,” PLoS Pathogens, vol. 6, no. 9, Article ID e01110, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Mulherkar, M. Raaben, J. C. de la Torre, S. P. Whelan, and K. Chandran, “The Ebola virus glycoprotein mediates entry via a non-classical dynamin-dependent macropinocytic pathway,” Virology, vol. 419, no. 2, pp. 72–83, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- K. Quinn, M. A. Brindley, M. L. Weller et al., “Rho GTPases modulate entry of Ebola virus and vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped vectors,” Journal of Virology, vol. 83, no. 19, pp. 10176–10186, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. F. Saeed, A. A. Kolokoltsov, A. N. Freiberg, M. R. Holbrook, and R. A. Davey, “Phosphoinositide-3 kinase-akt pathway controls cellular entry of Ebola virus,” PLoS Pathogens, vol. 4, no. 8, Article ID e1000141, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. A. Kolokoltsov, M. F. Saeed, A. N. Freiberg, M. R. Holbrook, and R. A. Davey, “Identification of novel cellular targets for therapeutic intervention against Ebola virus infection by siRNA screening,” Drug Development Research, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 255–265, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Chazal, G. Singer, C. Aiken, M. L. Hammarskjöld, and D. Rekosh, “Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles pseudotyped with envelope proteins that fuse at low pH no longer require Nef for optimal infectivity,” Journal of Virology, vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 4014–4018, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Sanchez, “Analysis of filovirus entry into vero E6 cells, using inhibitors of endocytosis, endosomal acidification, structural integrity, and cathepsin (B and L) activity,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 196, supplement 2, pp. S251–S258, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Bhattacharyya, K. L. Warfield, G. Ruthel, S. Bavari, M. J. Aman, and T. J. Hope, “Ebola virus uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis as an entry pathway,” Virology, vol. 401, no. 1, pp. 18–28, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Bhattacharyya and J. A. T. Young, “Differential requirements for clathrin endocytic pathway components in cellular entry by Ebola and Marburg glycoprotein pseudovirions,” Virology, vol. 419, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- N. Biedenkopf, N. Beimforde, T. Hoenen, H. Feldmann, and H.-J. Schnittler, “Ebola virus enters host cells by macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 204, supplement 3, pp. S957–S967, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. Nanbo, M. Imai, S. Watanabe et al., “Ebolavirus is internalized into host cells via macropinocytosis in a viral glycoprotein-dependent manner,” PLoS Pathogens, vol. 6, no. 9, Article ID e01121, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Bavari, C. M. Bosio, E. Wiegand et al., “Lipid raft microdomains: a gateway for compartmentalized trafficking of Ebola and Marburg viruses,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 195, no. 5, pp. 593–602, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. J. Empig and M. A. Goldsmith, “Association of the caveola vesicular system with cellular entry by filoviruses,” Journal of Virology, vol. 76, no. 10, pp. 5266–5270, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. L. Kaletsky, G. Simmons, and P. Bates, “Proteolysis of the Ebola virus glycoproteins enhances virus binding and infectivity,” Journal of Virology, vol. 81, no. 24, pp. 13378–13384, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Schornberg, S. Matsuyama, K. Kabsch, S. Delos, A. Bouton, and J. White, “Role of endosomal cathepsins in entry mediated by the Ebola virus glycoprotein,” Journal of Virology, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 4174–4178, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Chandran, N. J. Sullivan, U. Felbor, S. P. Whelan, and J. M. Cunningham, “Virology: endosomal proteolysis of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is necessary for infection,” Science, vol. 308, no. 5728, pp. 1643–1645, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- O. Martinez, J. Johnson, B. Manicassamy et al., “Zaire Ebola virus entry into human dendritic cells is insensitive to cathepsin L inhibition,” Cellular Microbiology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 148–157, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Misasi, K. Chandran, J.-Y. Yang et al., “Filoviruses require endosomal cysteine proteases for entry but exhibit distinct protease preferences,” Journal of Virology, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 3284–3292, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M. Côté, J. Misasi, T. Ren et al., “Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann-Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection,” Nature, vol. 477, no. 7364, pp. 344–348, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. E. Carette, M. Raaben, A. C. Wong et al., “Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1,” Nature, vol. 477, no. 7364, pp. 340–343, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- E. H. Miller, G. Obernosterer, M. Raaben et al., “Ebola virus entry requires the host-programmed recognition of an intracellular receptor,” EMBO Journal, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1947–1960, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M. Sahade, F. Caparelli, and P. M. Hoff, “Cediranib: a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,” Future Oncology, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 775–781, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- Z. Gao, B. Han, H. Wang, C. Shi, L. Xiong, and A. Gu, “Clinical observation of gefitinib as a first-line therapy in sixty-eight patients with advanced NSCLC,” Oncology Letters, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 1064–1068, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. Carmichael, C. Lau, D. Y. Josephson, and S. K. Pal, “Comprehensive overview of axitinib development in solid malignancies: focus on metastatic renal cell carcinoma,” Clinical Advances in Hematology and Oncology, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 307–314, 2012.
- X. Wu, Y. Jin, I. H. Cui et al., “Addition of vandetanib to chemotherapy in advanced solid cancers: a meta-analysis,” Anti-Cancer Drugs, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 731–738, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar