A Review on Green Synthesis, Biomedical Applications, and Toxicity Studies of ZnO NPs

Table 1

Green synthesis of ZnO NPs using various sources.

Type of green method	Applied material/organism	Particle size (nm)	Morphology of NPs	Activity carried out	References
Plant-mediated synthesis	Limonia acidissima (leaf)	12–53	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis	[39]
	Euphorbia Jatropha (stem)	15	Hexagonal	Used as semiconductors	[66]
	Ceropegia candelabrum (leaf)	12–35	Hexagonal	Antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi	[67]
	Celosia argentea (leaves)	25	Spherical	Antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Acetobacter; drug delivery	[68]
	Couroupita guianensis (leaves)	57	Hexagonal unit cell	Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium luteus, V. cholerae	[69]
	Allium cepa (bulb), Allium sativum (bulb), Petroselinum crispum (leaves)	70	Hexagonal wurtzite	Photodegradation of methylene blue	[48]
	Phyllanthus niruri (leaves)	25.61	Quasispherical	Catalytic activity	[70]
	Parthenium hysterophorus (leaves)	27–84	Spherical and hexagonal	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum	[71]
	Solanum nigrum (leaves)	29	Quasispherical	Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella paratyphi, Vibrio cholerae	[72]
	Anisochilus carnosus (leaves)	20–40	Hexagonal wurtzite	S. paratyphi, V. cholerae, S. aureus, and E. coli	[37]
	Jacaranda mimosifolia (flower)	2–4	Hexagonal wurtzite	Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium	[73]
Seaweed-mediated synthesis	Caulerpa peltata, Hypnea valencia, Sargassum myriocystum	36	Rectangle, triangle, radial, and spherical	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Vibrio cholerae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Klebsiella pneumonia, and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candia sp.	[74]
	Ulva lactuca	10–50	Hexagonal, rods, and rectangles	Photocatalytic, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and larvicidal activity	[75]
Microbe-mediated synthesis	Aspergillus fumigatus	60–80	Spherical	Antibacterial activity	[76]
	Aeromonas hydrophila	57	Spherical and oval	Antimicrobial activity	[41]