Table 1: Examples of buffer additives which may be used to facilitate protein refolding (see text references).

Additive Concentration Effect CHAPS 30 mM Detergent EDTA 20 mM Chelate Glycerol 10–50% Stabilizer Guanidine HCl 0.1–1 M Chaotroph L-arginine 0.4–0.5 M Stabilizer Laroylsarcosin Up to 4 M Detergent MgCl2/CaCl2 2–10 mM Cation NaCl/Ammonium sulfate 0.2–0.5 M Salt Non-detergent sulfo betain Up to 1 M Solublizer PEG 3350 Up to 0.5% W/V Osmolyte SDS 0.1% Detergent Sodium citrate/sulfate 0.2–0.5 M Salt Sucrose/glucose Up to 0.75 M Stabilizer TMAO 1–3 M Osmolyte Tris 0.4–1 M Buffer Triton X-100 0.1–1% Detergent Tween-80 0.01% Detergent Glycine Up to 1 M Osmolyte Proline Up to 1 M Osmolyte Urea 0.1–2 M Chaotroph