Oncolytic Virotherapy for Multiple Myeloma: Past, Present, and Future

Table 1

Genetic composition, advantages, and disadvantages of oncolytic viruses presently evaluated for the treatment of MM.

	Measles virus	VSV	Reovirus	CVA21	Adenovirus	Vaccinia virus
Genetic composition	ssRNA	ssRNA	dsRNA	ssRNA	dsDNA	dsDNA
Ability to genetically manipulate	Easy	Moderate	Very difficult	Moderate	Easy	Easy
Titres achievable at clinical grade	>10^9 PFU/ml	>10^9 PFU/ml	>10^9 PFU/ml	>10^10 PFU/ml	>10^12 PFU/ml	>10^9 PFU/ml
Ease of production	Easy	Difficult	Easy	?	Easy	Easy
Preclinical	References	References	References	References	References	References
in vitro	[20, 22]	[79, 80]	[44, 47]	[69, 70]	[89–93]	[85]
ex vivo	[20, 22]	[80]	[44, 47]	[69]	[92, 93]	[85]
purging		[79]	[44, 47]	[69]	[89]
Preclinical
in vivo	[20, 22, 23]	[80]	[47]	[70]	[92, 93]	[85]
Clinical studies
Multiple myeloma	Phase I (13)	N/A	Under discussion	N/A	N/A	Case study (12)
Other histologies	Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, recurrent ovarian cancer (26)	N/A	Phase III for solid tumours (66)	Phase I- for melanoma, breast, prostate (74)	Phase I/II for several solid tumours and melanoma (106)	Phase I for primary or metastatic liver cancer
Strategies for delivery of virus for MM	Intravenous	Intravenous	Intravenous	Intravenous	Intravenous	Intravenous

VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; CVA2: coxsackie virus A21; N/A: not available.