Do LINEs Have a Role in X-Chromosome Inactivation?

Lyon, Mary F.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/JBB/2006/59746

BioMed Research International

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LINE-1 Retrotransposition: Impact on Genome Stability and Diversity and Human Disease

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Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2006 | Article ID 059746 | https://doi.org/10.1155/JBB/2006/59746

Do LINEs Have a Role in X-Chromosome Inactivation?

Mary F. Lyon¹

Received31 May 2005

Revised22 Nov 2005

Accepted04 Dec 2005

Published16 Mar 2006

Abstract

There is longstanding evidence that X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) travels less successfully in autosomal than in X-chromosomal chromatin. The interspersed repeat elements LINE1s (L1s) have been suggested as candidates for “boosters” which promote the spread of XCI in the X-chromosome. The present paper reviews the current evidence concerning the possible role of L1s in XCI. Recent evidence, accruing from the human genome sequencing project and other sources, confirms that mammalian X-chromosomes are indeed rich in L1s, except in regions where there are many genes escaping XCI. The density of L1s is the highest in the evolutionarily oldest regions. Recent work on X; autosome translocations in human and mouse suggested failure of stabilization of XCI in autosomal material, so that genes are reactivated, but resistance of autosomal genes to the original silencing is not excluded. The accumulation of L1s on the X-chromosome may have resulted from reduced recombination or late replication. Whether L1s are part of the mechanism of XCI or a result of it remains enigmatic.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2006 Mary F. Lyon. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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