Influence of Muscle-Tendon Wrapping on Calculations of Joint Reaction Forces in the Equine Distal Forelimb

Figure 4

Joint moments calculated at the coffin, fetlock, carpus, and elbow joints for walking and trotting during the stance phase of the stride. The mean values of the inverse dynamics solutions are shown as solid lines with grey shading representing ±1 SD, while the mean values of the massless, quasi-static analysis are shown as dashed lines. The stance phase of the stride was the time during which the vertical component of the ground reaction force was greater than 50 N. 0% of stride was the time of first hoof-ground contact, while 100% of stride was the time of last hoof-ground contact.