Review Article
The Venturia Apple Pathosystem: Pathogenicity Mechanisms and Plant Defense Responses
Table 1
Factors predicted to govern pathogenicity and virulence of V. inaequalis.
| | Locus/Gene | Associated functions | References |
| | Avirulence factors | | | | avrVf (avrRvi6) | Avirulent on apple cultivars containing Vf (Rvi6) | [16] | | avrVg (avrRvi1) | Avirulent on apple cultivars containing Vg (Rvi1) | [16, 17] | | avrVm (avrRvi5) | Avirulent on apple cultivars containing Vm (Rvi5) | [18] | | avrVh2 (avrRvi2) | Avirulent on apple cultivars containing Vh2 (Vr2; Rvi2) | [19] | | avrVfh (avrRvi7) | Avirulent on apple cultivars containing Vfh (Rvi7) | [16] | | avrVh8 (avrRvi8) | Avirulent on apple cultivars containing Vh8 (Rvi8) | [20] | | avrVd (avrRvi13) | Avirulent on apple cultivars containing Vd (Rvi13) | [21] | | Cell Wall Degrading enzymes (CWDEs) | Promote pathogen entry into the host and facilitates nutrients uptake | [22, 23] | | Cellulase | ” | [22] | | -D-glucosidase | ” | [22] | | Polygalacturonase (endo-PG & Exo-PG) | ” | [22, 23] | | Cutinase | Assists pathogen in cuticle penetration and sub-cuticular growth | [11, 22] | | Esterase | Assists pathogen in cuticle penetration by softening cutin | [13] | | Melanoprotein | Assists in slow release of CWDEs and diverting the solute/nutrient flow towards the site of infections | [24] | | Cellophane induced | | | | Cin1 | Induced during apple infections | [15] | | Cin3 | Induced during apple infections | [15] |
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