Comparative Pathogenesis and Systems Biology for Biodefense Virus Vaccine Development

Table 1

Current status of vaccines in clinical trials against priority pathogens and potential biothreat agents. Data for the table come from http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and other sources as indicated. Many vaccines are in preclinical development, including a number of candidate vaccines for Lassa virus [1–6] and Sin Nombre [7, 8] virus, both being important hemorrhagic fever viruses.

Virus	Disease	Candidates in clinical development
Dengue	Dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome	Live attenuated
		Live chimeric (yellow fever 17D backbone)
		Recombinant subunit (envelope protein)
		DNA plasmid
		Molecular attenuated based on infectious clone-derived virus
Ebola and Marburg viruses	Ebola hemorrhagic fever/Marburg hemorrhagic fever	Recombinant adenoviral vector
		Recombinant Vesicular stomatitis virus vector [9]
		DNA plasmid
Junin virus	Argentine hemorrhagic fever	Live-attenuated candid #1 currently used in Argentina.
		Candid #1 has had investigational new drug status in USA [10].
Rift Valley fever virus	Rift Valley fever	Inactivated Rift valley fever investigational new drug status in USA
		Live-attenuated MP-12
SARS-CoV	Severe acute respiratory syndrome	Inactivated SARS Coronavirus
Variola virus	Smallpox	Vaccinia virus vaccines were successfully used to eradicate smallpox. Continuing efforts to develop and refine vaccines to reduce incidence of adverse effects, Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), LC16m8, and so forth.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus	Viral encephalitis	Live-attenuated TC-83, investigational new drug status in USA
		Formalin-inactivated C-84, investigational new drug status in USA
		Molecular-attenuated infectious clone-derived V3526