Dendritic Cells in the Gut: Interaction with Intestinal Helminths

Table 2

Effect of intestinal helminth infections or their products on DC function.

Intestinal helminth product		DC subset	DC response	References
Ascaris suum	High molecular weight components of adult worms	CD11c^+ MLN DCs	Downregulation of CD 40, CD 80, CD86, and MHCII induced by immunization. Production of IL-10.	[40]
Heligmosomoides polygyrus	Infection	CD11c^+ Spleen and MLN DCs	Activation with upregulation of CD80 and CD86. Production of IL-10. Inhibition of protective response against bacteria and exacerbated colonic inflammation (pasive transfer of Hp-DCs).	[41, 42]
	E/S products	Bone marrow DCs	Inhibition of cytokine production. Inhibition of upregulation of CD40, CD86, and MHCII by TLR engagement. Induction of IL-10 producing T cells (regulatory T cells).	[43]
Necator americanus	E/S products	Human monocyte-derived DC	Downregulation of CD86, CD1a, HLA-ABC, and HLA-DR resulting in a diminished capacity to induce T cell proliferation.	[44]
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis	E/S products	Bone marrow DCs	Upregulation of CD86 and Ox40L. No effect on CD80 and MHCI. Production of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 p40. Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-12 p70.	[45]
	Infection	CD11c^+ CD8𝛼^int CD103^+	Reduction of this subpopulation during infection. Reduction of CD86 and Dec 205. Reduced production of ll-12 and increase in IL-6, TNF𝛼, and IL-10. In H. polygyrus infection reduction of this DC subset is more pronounced.	[46]
Trichuris muris	Infection (E-J isolate)	CD11c^+ MLN DCs	Expansion of DCs correlates with worm expulsion. Production of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10.	[47–49]
	E/S products (S, J, E isolates)	Bone marrow DCs	S isolate induces higher levels of IL-6 and IL-10. Upregulation of CD 40 by all three isolates.	[50]
	Infection	CD11c^+ MLN DCs	Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) produced by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) interacts with DCs inhibiting LPS-induced IL12/23p40 and increasing IL-13 production.	[51, 52]