Toward Engineering Synthetic Microbial Metabolism

Table 1

Compilation of biological controllers.

Biological process	Genetic part or mechanism
Replication	Replication origin (copy number) [34]
Transcription
Initation	RNA polymerase [35], transcription factors [36], specificity factors [37], promoters [38], enhancers, operator-regulator pairs [39], methylation
Elongation	RNA polymerase [35], insulators, terminators [40], attenuators
Processing	Splice sites, polyA sites, TIGRs [41]
Posttranscription
Degradation	TIGRs [41], stabilizers, RNase sites [42]
Translation
Initiation	Ribosome-RBS pairs [43], Riboregulators, Riboswitches, Ribozymes, Antisense RNA, MicroRNA, Small interfering RNA. For a review on RNA parts see [44].
Elongation	Codon bias, rare codons, stop codon-supressors pairs [15]
Processing	Chaperones
Posttranslational
Degradation	Proteases
Localization	Target sequences, anchor sequences, interaction domain-peptide ligand pairs [27]