Organogenic Nodule Formation in Hop: A Tool to Study Morphogenesis in Plants with Biotechnological and Medicinal Applications

Figure 3

Main pathways leading to formation of hop organogenic cultures. Abiotic factors such as light, wounding, sucrose and auxins induce the early expression of MAPKs. Signaling processes still not fully elucidated are responsible for inducing a stress response in which lipoxygenases, jasmonates, and polyamines as well as an increase in glutathione levels play an important role. Cell division is also induced by MAPKs and involves auxins and polyamines. Sugars and jasmonates may lead to starch accumulation and phenylpropanoid synthesis.