RNA Vaccines in Cancer Treatment

Table 2

Recent clinical trials using RNA.

Cancer type	RNA	Vaccination schedule	Number of study subjects	Immunological response	Clinical response	Reference
Melanoma	Total tumor	200 𝜇g naked RNA intradermally, biweekly for 8 weeks, followed by monthly injections for 6 months. 150 𝜇g GM-CSF subcutaneously 24 h after RNA injection.	15	NA	2/13 MR; 3/13 NED	[5]
Melanoma	Melan-A, tyrosinase, gp100, Mage-A1, Mage-A3, survivin	Arm 1: 3.2–80 𝜇g RNA per antigen + 128 𝜇g protamine intradermally on days 1, 3, 5, weeks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 19. 200 𝜇g GM-CSF subcutaneously 24 h after RNA injection.; Arm 2: 3.2–80 𝜇g RNA per antigen + 128 𝜇g protamine + 4 mg KLH intradermally on days 1, 3, 5, weeks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 19. 200 𝜇g GM-CSF subcutaneously 24 h after RNA injection.	21; Arm 1: 11; Arm 2: 10	Vaccine directed T cells: 2/4	Arm 1: 1/11 CR; 4/11 NED; Arm 2: 1/10 NED	[99]
RCC	MUC1, CEA, Her-2/neu, telomerase, surviving, MAGE-1	Arm 1: 20 𝜇g naked RNA per antigen intradermally on days 0, 14, 28, 42, followed by monthly injections. 100 𝜇g/m^2 GM-CSF subcutaneously 24 h after RNA injection.; Arm 2: 50 𝜇g naked RNA per antigen intradermally on days 0–3, 7–10, 28, 42, followed by monthly injections. 250 𝜇g/m^2 GM-CSF subcutaneously 24 h after RNA injection.	30,; Arm 1: 14; Arm 2: 16	CD4+ ELISpot: 3/7; CD8+ ELISpot: 8/9; CD8+ Cr-Release Assay: 7/11	Arm 1: 1/14 PR; 6/14 SD; Arm 2: 9/16 SD	[81]

CR: Complete response; MR: Mixed response; NA: Not applicable; NED: No evidence of disease; PR: Partial response; SD: Stable disease.