The Functional Role of Calcineurin in Hypertrophy, Regeneration, and Disorders of Skeletal Muscle

Table 1

Effect of calcineurin activation or inhibition on fiber growth (hypertrophy) of skeletal muscle in vivo.

References	Species	Experimental system	Modulating method of calcineurin activity	Outcomes
Dunn et al. 1999 [51]	Mouse	Mechanical overloading	Pharmacological inhibition for 4 weeks (CsA; 25 mg/Kg twice daily)	Inhibition of fiber hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle
Bodine et al. 2001 [53]	Mouse	Mechanical overloading	Pharmacological inhibition for 30 days (CsA; 15 mg/Kg once daily)	No inhibition of fiber hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle
Sakuma et al. 2008 [59]	Mouse	Mechanical overloading	Pharmacological inhibition for 2 weeks (CsA; 25 mg/Kg once daily)	Inhibition of fiber hypertrophy of the soleus muscle
Parsons et al. 2003 [54]	Mouse		Gene-knock out (complete inactivation of cna 𝛼 or cna 𝛽)	Slow-twitch soleus muscle; hypertrophy (cna 𝛼 KO), atrophy (cna 𝛽 KO),; Several fast-twitch muscles (gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, triceps brachii); no change (both cna 𝛼 and cna 𝛽 KO)
Talmadge et al. 2004 [56]	Mouse		Transgenic manipulation (high-level expression of a constitutively active form of calcineurin)	Slow-twitch soleus muscle; marked hypertrophy Several fast-twitch muscles (extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, plantaris); no change
Oh et al. 2006 [58]	Mouse		(Transgenic manipulation (Flox-On approach), upregulation of calcineurin inhibitor (MCIP1))	Atrophy of the soleus muscle
Mitchell et al. 2002 [60]	Mouse	Reloading after hindlimb suspension	Pharmacological inhibition for 2 weeks (CsA; 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/Kg once daily)	Inhibition of fiber growth (recovery) of both the soleus (25 and 50 mg/Kg) and plantaris (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/Kg) muscles
Miyazaki et al. 2006 [61]	Mouse	Reloading after hindlimb suspension	Pharmacological inhibition for 4 weeks (FK506; 3–5 mg/Kg once daily)	Inhibition of fiber growth (recovery) of the soleus muscle
Oishi et al. 2008 [62]	Rat	Reloading after hindlimb suspension	Pharmacological inhibition for 2 weeks (CsA; 25 mg/Kg twice daily)	Inhibition of fiber growth (recovery) of the soleus muscle