Journal Menu
- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Annual Issues
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 273907, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/273907
Review Article
Activation of Type I Interferon Pathway in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association with Distinct Clinical Phenotypes
1Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital of Athens “G.Gennimatas”, Mesogion St 154, 11527 Athens, Greece
2Department of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, M. Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece
Received 1 June 2011; Accepted 14 August 2011
Academic Editor: George Tsokos
Copyright © 2011 Theophanis P. Karageorgas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- A. T. Borchers, S. M. Naguwa, Y. Shoenfeld, and M. E. Gershwin, “The geoepidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus,” Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. A277–A287, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. J. Hooks, H. M. Moutsopoulos, and S. A. Geis, “Immune interferon in the circulation of patients with autoimmune disease,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 301, no. 1, pp. 5–8, 1979. View at Scopus
- L. E. Ronnblom, G. V. Alm, and K. E. Oberg, “Possible induction of systemic lupus erythematosus by interferon α-treatment in a patient with a malignant carcinoid tumour,” Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 227, no. 3, pp. 207–210, 1990. View at Scopus
- L. Bennett, A. K. Palucka, E. Arce et al., “Interferon and granulopoiesis signatures in systemic lupus erythematosus blood,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 197, no. 6, pp. 711–723, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. Ronnblom, G. V. Alm, and M. L. Eloranta, “The type I interferon system in the development of lupus,” Seminars in Immunology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 113–121, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. Lande, D. Ganguly, V. Facchinetti et al., “Neutrophils activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells by releasing self-DNA-peptide complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Science Translational Medicine, vol. 3, no. 73, p. 73ra19, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- G. S. Garcia-Romo, S. Caielli, B. Vega et al., “Netting neutrophils are major inducers of type I IFN production in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus,” Science Translational Medicine, vol. 3, no. 73, p. 73ra20, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Y. Kanayama, T. Kim, H. Inariba et al., “Possible involvement of interferon α in the pathogenesis of fever in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 861–863, 1989.
- A. A. Bengtsson, G. Sturfelt, L. Truedsson et al., “Activation of type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with disease activity but not with antiretroviral antibodies,” Lupus, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 664–671, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- E. C. Baechler, F. M. Batliwalla, G. Karypis et al., “Interferon-inducible gene expression signature in peripheral blood cells of patients with severe lupus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 2610–2615, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. C. Dall'era, P. M. Cardarelli, B. T. Preston, A. Witte, and J. C. Davis, “Type I interferon correlates with serological and clinical manifestations of SLE,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 1692–1697, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- K. A. Kirou, C. Lee, S. George, K. Louca, M. G. E. Peterson, and M. K. Crow, “Activation of the interferon- α pathway identifies a subgroup of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with distinct serologic features and active disease,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1491–1503, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- X. Feng, H. Wu, J. M. Grossman et al., “Association of increased interferon-inducible gene expression with disease activity and lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 2951–2962, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- C. E. Weckerle, et al., “Network analysis of associations between serum interferon-α activity, autoantibodies, and clinical features in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 1044–1053, 2011.
- H. Bagavant and S. M. Fu, “Pathogenesis of kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Current Opinion in Rheumatology, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 489–494, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. A. Rich, “Human lupus inclusions and interferon,” Science, vol. 213, no. 4509, pp. 772–775, 1981.
- K. S. Peterson, J. F. Huang, J. Zhu et al., “Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 113, no. 12, pp. 1722–1733, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. D. Papadimitraki, M. Tzardi, G. Bertsias, E. Sotsiou, and D. T. Boumpas, “Glomerular expression of Toll-like receptor-9 in lupus nephritis but not in normal kidneys: implications for the amplification of the inflammatory response,” Lupus, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 831–835, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. L. Moser, J. A. Kelly, C. J. Lessard, and J. B. Harley, “Recent insights into the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus,” Genes and Immunity, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 373–379, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. B. Harley, M. E. Alarcón-Riquelme, L. A. Criswell et al., “Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci,” Nature Genetics, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 204–210, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- I. T. Harley, K. M. Kaufman, C. D. Langefeld, J. B. Harley, and J. A. Kelly, “Genetic susceptibility to SLE: new insights from fine mapping and genome-wide association studies,” Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 285–290, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. N. Kariuki, J. G. Moore, K. A. Kirou, M. K. Crow, T. O. Utset, and T. B. Niewold, “Age- and gender-specific modulation of serum osteopontin and interferon- α by osteopontin genotype in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Genes and Immunity, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 487–494, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. N. Kariuki, M. K. Crow, and T. B. Niewold, “The PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism is associated with skewing of cytokine profiles toward high interferon- α activity and low tumor necrosis factor α levels in patients with lupus,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 2818–2823, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Sigurdsson, G. Nordmark, S. Garnier et al., “A risk haplotype of STAT4 for systemic lupus erythematosus is over-expressed, correlates with anti-dsDNA and shows additive effects with two risk alleles of IRF5,” Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 2868–2876, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- E. F. Remmers, R. M. Plenge, A. T. Lee et al., “STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 357, no. 10, pp. 977–986, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. N. Kariuki, K. A. Kirou, E. J. MacDermott, L. Barillas-Arias, M. K. Crow, and T. B. Niewold, “Cutting edge: autoimmune disease risk variant of STAT4 confers increased sensitivity to IFN-α in lupus patients in vivo,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 34–38, 2009. View at Scopus
- R. R. Graham, C. Kyogoku, S. Sigurdsson et al., “Three functional variants of IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) define risk and protective haplotypes for human lupus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 16, pp. 6758–6763, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. A. Lee-Kirsch, M. Gong, D. Chowdhury et al., “Mutations in the gene encoding the 3'–5' DNA exonuclease TREX1 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus,” Nature Genetics, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 1065–1067, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. K. Abelson, A. M. Delgado-Vega, S. V. Kozyrev et al., “STAT4 associates with systemic lupus erythematosus through two independent effects that correlate with gene expression and act additively with IRF5 to increase risk,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 1746–1753, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. O. Jacob, J. Zhu, D. L. Armstrong et al., “Identification of IRAK1 as a risk gene with critical role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 15, pp. 6256–6261, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- R. Salloum, B. S. Franek, S. N. Kariuki et al., “Genetic variation at the IRF7/PHRF1 locus is associated with autoantibody profile and serum interferon-α activity in lupus patients,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 553–561, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. Li, C. Cao, H. Luan et al., “Association of genetic variations in the STAT4 and IRF7/KIAA1542 regions with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Northern Han Chinese population,” Human Immunology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 249–255, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- P. S. Ramos, A. H. Williams, J. T. Ziegler, et al., “Genetic analyses of interferon pathway-related genes reveals multiple new loci associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 2049–2057, 2011.
- A. Kawasaki, H. Furukawa, Y. Kondo et al., “TLR7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3' untranslated region and intron 2 independently contribute to systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese women: a case-control association study,” Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 13, no. 2, p. R41, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Q. Fu, J. Zhao, X. Qian et al., “Association of a functional IRF7 variant with systemic lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 749–754, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- B. Namjou, P. H. Kothari, J. A. Kelly et al., “Evaluation of the TREX1 gene in a large multi-ancestral lupus cohort,” Genes and Immunity, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 270–279, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Sigurdsson, G. Nordmark, H. H. Goring et al., “Polymorphisms in the tyrosine kinase 2 and interferon regulatory factor 5 genes are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus,” American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 528–537, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- K. E. Taylor, E. F. Remmers, A. T. Lee et al., “Specificity of the STAT4 genetic association for severe disease manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus,” PloS Genetics, vol. 4, no. 5, Article ID e1000084, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. Kawasaki, I. Ito, K. Hikami et al., “Role of STAT4 polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus in a Japanese population: a case-control association study of the STAT1-STAT4 region,” Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 10, no. 5, p. R113, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. Qin, J. Lv, X. Zhou, P. Hou, H. Yang, and H. Zhang, “Association of IRF5 gene polymorphisms and lupus nephritis in a Chinese population,” Nephrology, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 710–713, 2010.
- M. T. Vuong, I. Gunnarsson, S. Lundberg et al., “Genetic risk factors in lupus nephritis and IgA nephropathy—no support of an overlap,” Plos one, vol. 5, no. 5, Article ID e10559, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- H. Luan, P. Li, C. Cao et al., “A single-nucleotide polymorphism of the STAT4 gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in female Chinese population,” Rheumatology International. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. Braun, P. Geraldes, and J. Demengeot, “Type I Interferon controls the onset and severity of autoimmune manifestations in lpr mice,” Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 15–25, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- T. N. Jorgensen, J. Thurman, S. Izui et al., “Genetic susceptibility to polyI:C-induced IFN α/β-dependent accelerated disease in lupus-prone mice,” Genes and Immunity, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 555–567, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. Triantafyllopoulou, C. W. Franzke, S. V. Seshan et al., “Proliferative lesions and metalloproteinase activity in murine lupus nephritis mediated by type I interferons and macrophages,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 107, no. 7, pp. 3012–3017, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. Mathian, A. Weinberg, M. Gallegos, J. Banchereau, and S. Koutouzov, “IFN-α induces early lethal lupus in preautoimmune (New Zealand Black × New Zealand White)F1 but not in BALB/c mice,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 174, no. 5, pp. 2499–2506, 2005.
- A. M. Fairhurst, A. Mathian, J. E. Connolly et al., “Systemic IFN-α drives kidney nephritis in B6.Sle123 mice,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1948–1960, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. Ramanujam, P. Kahn, W. Huang et al., “Interferon-α treatment of female (NZW × BXSB)F1 mice mimics some but not all features associated with the Yaa mutation,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1096–1101, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Z. Liu, R. Bethunaickan, W. Huang et al., “Interferon-α accelerates murine systemic lupus erythematosus in a T cell-dependent manner,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 219–229, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- W. H. Reeves, P. Y. Lee, J. S. Weinstein, M. Satoh, and L. Lu, “Induction of autoimmunity by pristane and other naturally occurring hydrocarbons,” Trends in Immunology, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 455–464, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. L. Santiago-Raber, R. Baccala, K. M. Haraldsson et al., “Type-I interferon receptor deficiency reduces lupus-like disease in NZB mice,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 197, no. 6, pp. 777–788, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- H. Agrawal, N. Jacob, E. Carreras et al., “Deficiency of type I IFN receptor in lupus-prone New Zealand mixed 2328 mice decreases dendritic cell numbers and activation and protects from disease,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 183, no. 9, pp. 6021–6029, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. C. Nacionales, K. M. Kelly-Scumpia, P. Y. Lee et al., “Deficiency of the type I interferon receptor protects mice from experimental lupus,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 3770–3783, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. D. Hron and S. L. Peng, “Type I IFN protects against murine lupus,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 173, no. 3, pp. 2134–2142, 2004.
- P. Y. Lee, Y. Kumagai, Y. Li et al., “TLR7-dependent and FcγR-independent production of type I interferon in experimental mouse lupus,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 205, no. 13, pp. 2995–3006, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. M. Fairhurst, S. H. Hwang, A. Wang et al., “Yaa autoimmune phenotypes are conferred by overexpression of TLR7,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1971–1978, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- E. Savarese, C. Steinberg, R. D. Pawar et al., “Requirement of Toll-like receptor 7 for pristane-induced production of autoantibodies and development of murine lupus nephritis,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1107–1115, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. L. Thibault, A. D. Chu, K. L. Graham et al., “IRF9 and STAT1 are required for IgG autoantibody production and B cell expression of TLR7 in mice,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 1417–1426, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. D. Pawar, P. S. Patole, A. Ellwart et al., “Ligands to nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors and the onset of lupus nephritis,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 3365–3373, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- F. J. Barrat, T. Meeker, J. H. Chan, C. Guiducci, and R. L. Coffmann, “Treatment of lupus-prone mice with a dual inhibitor of TLR7 and TLR9 leads to reduction of autoantibody production and amelioration of disease symptoms,” European Journal of Immunology, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 3582–3586, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- M. Tucci, C. Quatraro, L. Lombardi, C. Pellegrino, F. Dammacco, and F. Silvestris, “Glomerular accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in active lupus nephritis: role of interleukin-18,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 251–262, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- P. Y. Lee, J. S. Weinstein, D. C. Nacionales et al., “A novel type i IFN-producing cell subset in murine lupus,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 180, no. 7, pp. 5101–5108, 2008.
- P. Y. Lee, Y. Li, Y. Kumagai et al., “Type I interferon modulates monocyte recruitment and maturation in chronic inflammation,” American Journal of Pathology, vol. 175, no. 5, pp. 2023–2033, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. M. Fairhurst, C. Xie, Y. Fu et al., “Type I interferons produced by resident renal cells may promote end-organ disease in autoantibody-mediated glomerulonephritis,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 183, no. 10, pp. 6831–6838, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- O. Ichii, A. Kamikawa, S. Otsuka et al., “Overexpression of interferon-activated gene 202 (Ifi202) correlates with the progression of autoimmune glomerulonephritis associated with the MRL chromosome 1,” Lupus, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 897–905, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. W. Bauer, M. Petri, F. M. Batliwalla et al., “Interferon-regulated chemokines as biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity: a validation study,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 3098–3107, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Q. Fu, X. Chen, H. Cui et al., “Association of elevated transcript levels of interferon-inducible chemokines with disease activity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients,” Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 10, no. 5, Article ID R112, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- O. Kulkarni, R. D. Pawar, W. Purschke et al., “Spiegelmer inhibition of CCL2/MCP-1 ameliorates lupus nephritis in MRL-(Fas)lpr mice,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 2350–2358, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. Zagury, H. L. Buanec, A. Mathian et al., “IFN α kinoid vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies prevent clinical manifestations in a lupus flare murine model,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 13, pp. 5294–5299, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. Schwarting, K. Paul, S. Tschirner et al., “Interferon-β: a therapeutic for autoimmune lupus in MRL-Fas lpr mice,” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 3264–3272, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Y. Yao, L. Richman, B. W. Higgs et al., “Neutralization of interferon-α/β-inducible genes and downstream effect in a phase I trial of an anti-interferon-α monoclonal antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1785–1796, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- Y. Yao, B. W. Higgs, L. Richman, B. White, and B. Jallal, “Use of type I interferon-inducible mRNAs as pharmacodynamic markers and potential diagnostic markers in trials with sifalimumab, an anti-IFN α antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol. 12, supplement 1, p. S6, 2010.
- J. T. Merrill, D. J. Wallace, and M. Petri, “Safety profile and clinical activity of sifalimumab, a fully human anti-interferon {α} monoclonal antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I, multicentre, double-blind randomised study,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 1905–1913, 2011.
- J. Wenzel, S. Zahn, T. Bieber, and T. Tuting, “Type I interferon-associated cytotoxic inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus,” Archives of Dermatological Research, vol. 301, no. 1, pp. 83–86, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. S. Klein, P. A. Morganroth, and V. P. Werth, “Cutaneous lupus and the cutaneous lupus erythematosus disease area and severity index instrument,” Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 33–51, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- I. Arrue, A. Saiz, P. L. Ortiz-Romero, and J. L. Rodriguez-Peralto, “Lupus-like reaction to interferon at the injection site: report of five cases,” Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, vol. 34, supplement 1, pp. 18–21, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Wenzel, T. Bieber, M. Uerlich, and T. Tuting, “Systemic treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus,” Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 694–704, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- J. Fah, J. Pavlovic, and G. Burg, “Expression of MxA protein in inflammatory dermatoses,” Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 47–52, 1995.
- L. Farkas, K. Beiske, F. Lund-Johansen, P. Brandtzaeg, and F. L. Jahnsen, “Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (natural interferon-α/β-producing cells) accumulate in cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions,” American Journal of Pathology, vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 237–243, 2001.
- J. Wenzel, M. Uerlich, E. Worrenkamper, S. Freutel, T. Bieber, and T. Tuting, “Scarring skin lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus are characterized by high numbers of skin-homing cytotoxic lymphocytes associated with strong expression of the type I interferon-induced protein MxA,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 153, no. 5, pp. 1011–1015, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Blomberg, M. L. Eloranta, B. Cederblad, K. Nordlind, G. V. Alm, and L. Ronnblom, “Presence of cutaneous interferon-α producing cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus,” Lupus, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 484–490, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Meller, F. Winterberg, M. Gilliet et al., “Ultraviolet radiation-induced injury, chemokines, and leukocyte recruitment: an amplification cycle triggering cutaneous lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1504–1516, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- B. Cederblad, S. Blomberg, H. Vallin, A. Perers, G. V. Alm, and L. Ronnblom, “Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have reduced numbers of circulating natural interferon-α-producing cells,” Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 465–470, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- W. Vermi, S. Lonardi, M. Morassi et al., “Cutaneous distribution of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in lupus erythematosus. Selective tropism at the site of epithelial apoptotic damage,” Immunobiology, vol. 214, no. 9-10, pp. 877–886, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- G. Obermoser, P. Schwingshackl, F. Weber et al., “Recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in ultraviolet irradiation-induced lupus erythematosus tumidus,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 160, no. 1, pp. 197–200, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. Wenzel, E. Worenkamper, S. Freutel et al., “Enhanced type I interferon signalling promotes Th1-biased inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus,” Journal of Pathology, vol. 205, no. 4, pp. 435–442, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- A. Kuhn, M. Herrmann, S. Kleber et al., “Accumulation of apoptotic cells in the epidermis of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus after ultraviolet irradiation,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 939–950, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- C. Guiducci, C. Tripodo, M. Gong et al., “Autoimmune skin inflammation is dependent on plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation by nucleic acids via TLR7 and TLR9,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 207, no. 13, pp. 2931–2942, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- E. Naschberger, J. Wenzel, C. C. Kretz, M. Herrmann, M. Sturzl, and A. Kuhn, “Increased expression of guanylate binding protein-1 in lesional skin of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus,” Experimental Dermatology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 102–106, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- S. Costa, C. Borgogna, M. Mondini et al., “Redistribution of the nuclear protein IFI16 into the cytoplasm of ultraviolet B-exposed keratinocytes as a mechanism of autoantigen processing,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 164, no. 2, pp. 282–290, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. L. Brey, S. L. Holliday, A. R. Saklad et al., “Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: prevalence using standardized definitions,” Neurology, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 1214–1220, 2002.
- M. Wichers and M. Maes, “The psychoneuroimmuno-pathophysiology of cytokine-induced depression in humans,” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 375–388, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- D. M. Santer, T. Yoshio, S. Minota, T. Moller, and K. B. Elkon, “Potent induction of IFN-α and chemokines by autoantibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 1192–1201, 2009.
- E. Dieperink, M. Willenbring, and S. B. Ho, “Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with hepatitis C and interferon α: a review,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 157, no. 6, pp. 867–876, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- L. E. Ronnblom, G. V. Alm, and K. E. Oberg, “Autoimmunity after α-interferon therapy for malignant carcinoid tumors,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 178–183, 1991.
- M. R. Ehrenstein, E. McSweeney, M. Swana, C. P. Worman, A. H. Goldstone, and D. A. Isenberg, “Appearance of anti-DNA antibodies in patients treated with interferon-α,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 279–280, 1993.
- I. L. Campbell, T. Krucker, S. Steffensen et al., “Structural and functional neuropathology in transgenic mice with CNS expression of IFN-α,” Brain Research, vol. 835, no. 1, pp. 46–61, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- G. Ramantani, P. Niggemann, T. Bast, and M. A. Lee-Kirsch, “Reconciling neuroimaging and clinical findings in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome: an autoimmune-mediated encephalopathy,” American Journal of Neuroradiology, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. E62–E63, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. B. Winfield, M. Shaw, and L. M. Silverman, “Intrathecal IgG synthesis and blood-brain barrier impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction,” American Journal of Medicine, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 837–844, 1983.
- S. Shiozawa, Y. Kuroki, M. Kim, S. Hirohata, and T. Ogino, “Interferon-α in lupus psychosis,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 417–422, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- A. Jonsen, A. A. Bengtsson, O. Nived et al., “The heterogeneity of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus is reflected in lack of association with cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles,” Lupus, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 846–850, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- Y. Levy, Y. Sherer, A. Ahmed et al., “A study of 20 SLE patients with intravenous immunoglobulin—clinical and serologic response,” Lupus, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 705–712, 1999.
- M. C. Dalakas, “Role of IVIg in autoimmune, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system: present and future prospects,” Journal of Neurology, vol. 253, no. 5, pp. V25–V32, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- R. A. Linker and R. Gold, “Use of intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange in neurological disease,” Current Opinion in Neurology, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 358–365, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- E. Svenungusson, C. P. Mavragani, L. Hopia, et al., “Acute flares of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) are sometimes associated with spikes of interferon-alpha activity in the CSF,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 62, p. 1181, 2010.
- M. Pashenkov, Y. M. Huang, V. Kostulas, M. Haglund, M. Soderstrom, and H. Link, “Two subsets of dendritic cells are present in human cerebrospinal fluid,” Brain, vol. 124, part 3, pp. 480–492, 2001.
- E. S. Kellner, P. Y. Lee, Y. Li et al., “Endogenous type-I interferon activity is not associated with depression or fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 223, no. 1-2, pp. 13–19, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- L. M. Fischer, R. G. Schlienger, C. Matter, H. Jick, and C. R. Meier, “Effect of rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus on the risk of first-Time acute myocardial infarction,” American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 198–200, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. E. Hak, E. W. Karlson, D. Feskanich, M. J. Stampfer, and K. H. Costenbader, “Systemic lupus erythematosus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: results from the nurses' health study,” Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 1396–1402, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. Manzi, E. N. Meilahn, J. E. Rairie et al., “Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham study,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 408–415, 1997. View at Scopus
- J. M. Esdaile, M. Abrahamowicz, T. Grodzicky et al., “Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 2331–2337, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Zampetaki, J. P. Kirton, and Q. Xu, “Vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cells,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 413–421, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Briasoulis, D. Tousoulis, C. Antoniades, N. Papageorgiou, and C. Stefanadis, “The role of endothelial progenitor cells in vascular repair after arterial injury and atherosclerotic plaque development,” Cardiovascular Therapeutics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 125–139, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- J. F. Baker, L. Zhang, S. Imadojemu et al., “Circulating endothelial progenitor cells are reduced in SLE in the absence of coronary artery calcification,” Rheumatology International. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
- X. L. Deng, X. X. Li, X. Y. Liu, L. Sun, and R. Liu, “Comparative study on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients at active stage,” Rheumatology International, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1429–1436, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Grisar, C. W. Steiner, M. Bonelli et al., “Systemic lupus erythematosus patients exhibit functional deficiencies of endothelial progenitor cells,” Rheumatology, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1476–1483, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. E. Westerweel, R. K. Luijten, I. E. Hoefer, H. A. Koomans, R. H. Derksen, and M. C. Verhaar, “Haematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells are deficient in quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 865–870, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. R. Moonen, K. de Leeuw, X. J. van Seijen et al., “Reduced number and impaired function of circulating progenitor cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 9, no. 4, p. R84, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- P. Y. Lee, Y. Li, H. B. Richards et al., “Type I interferon as a novel risk factor for endothelial progenitor cell depletion and endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 3759–3769, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. F. Denny, S. Thacker, H. Mehta et al., “Interferon-α promotes abnormal vasculogenesis in lupus: a potential pathway for premature atherosclerosis,” Blood, vol. 110, no. 8, pp. 2907–2915, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. G. Thacker, D. Duquaine, J. Park, and M. J. Kaplan, “Lupus-prone New Zealand Black/New Zealand white F1 mice display endothelial dysfunction and abnormal phenotype and function of endothelial progenitor cells,” Lupus, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 288–299, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- S. G. Thacker, C. C. Berthier, D. Mattinzoli, M. P. Rastaldi, M. Kretzler, and M. J. Kaplan, “The detrimental effects of IFN-α on vasculogenesis in lupus are mediated by repression of IL-1 pathways: potential role in atherogenesis and renal vascular rarefaction,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 185, no. 7, pp. 4457–4469, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- A. Niessner and C. M. Weyand, “Dendritic cells in atherosclerotic disease,” Clinical Immunology, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 25–32, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- M. F. Denny, S. Yalavarthi, W. Zhao et al., “A distinct subset of proinflammatory neutrophils isolated from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus induces vascular damage and synthesizes type I IFNs,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 184, no. 6, pp. 3284–3297, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- H. Amuro, T. Ito, R. Miyamoto et al., “Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, function as inhibitors of cellular and molecular components involved in type I interferon production,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 2073–2085, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- C. Lood, S. Amisten, B. Gullstrand et al., “Platelet transcriptional profile and protein expression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: up-regulation of the type I interferon system is strongly associated with vascular disease,” Blood, vol. 116, no. 11, pp. 1951–1957, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
- J. Li, Q. Fu, H. Cui et al., “Interferon-α priming promotes lipid uptake and macrophage-derived foam cell formation: a novel link between interferon-α and atherosclerosis in lupus,” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 492–502, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- E. Svenungsson, J. Gustafsson, D. Leonard et al., “A STAT4 risk allele is associated with ischaemic cerebrovascular events and anti-phospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 834–840, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus