The Combined Effect of Electrical Stimulation and High-Load Isometric Contraction on Protein Degradation Pathways in Muscle Atrophy Induced by Hindlimb Unloading
Figure 4
Expression levels of cathepsin L (a), calpain 1 (b), calpain 2 (c), atrogin-1/MAFbx (atrogin-1; d), and muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF-1; e) mRNA in the tibialis anterior muscle. Values were calculated as the fold changes relative to the Cont and presented as the mean ± SEM. *, †, and ‡ are significantly different from the Cont, HU, and ES groups, respectively, at P < 0.05. in the Cont and HU groups, in the ES and groups.
