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(i) Accumulation of p53, p21, and p27 | |
(ii) Differential effects on pro- and antiapoptotic members of Bcl-2 family | |
(iii) Downregulation of XIAP and survivins | |
(iv) Inhibition of inducible NF-κB activity | |
(v) Accumulation of misfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress | |
(vi) Induction of oxidative stress | |
(vii) Activation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling | |
(viii) Inhibition of protein translation | |
(ix) Inhibition of telomerase activity | |
(x) Downregulation of PI3 K/Akt signaling | |
(xi) Upregulation of death receptor | |
(xii) Histone acetylation | |
(xiii) Repression of E2F | |
(xiv) Inhibition of IL-6-mediated signaling | |
(xv) Suppression of FoxO and FoxMl proteins | |
(xvi) Tubulin stabilization | |
(xvii) Induction of mitotic catastrophe | |
(xviii) Inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition | |
(xix) Inhibition of angiogenesis | |
(xx) Immunosensitization of cancer cells to the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes | |
(xxi) Increased genomic instability after exposure to ionizing radiation | |
(xxii) Overcoming multidrug resistance by inhibition of pglycoprotein | |
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Autoregulatory mechanisms against proteasome inhibition | |
(i) Induction of macroautophagy | |
(ii) Activation of constitutive NF-κB activity | |
(iii) Activation of EGFR signaling | |
(iv) Stat3 phosphorylation | |
(v) Akt phosphorylation | |
(vi) Induction of hsp72 and AKR1B10 | |
(vii) Upregulation of glutathione synthesis | |
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