Journal Menu
- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Annual Issues
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 259349, 14 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/259349
Review Article
Recent Advances in Imaging of Dopaminergic Neurons for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Jiaan Village, Lungtan Township, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
Received 15 December 2011; Accepted 27 January 2012
Academic Editor: David J. Yang
Copyright © 2012 Lie-Hang Shen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- D. F. Wong, G. Gründer, and J. R. Brasic, “Brain imaging research: does the science serve clinical practice?” International Review of Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 541–558, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. A. Metter and M. J. Guiberteau, “Radioactivity, radionuclides, and radiopharmaceuticals,” in Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging, chapter 1, pp. 1–13, Saunders, Elsevier, 5th edition, 2006.
- F. A. Metter and M. J. Guiberteau, “Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging,” in Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging, chapter 13, pp. 359–423, Saunders, Elsevier, 5th edition, 2006.
- R. Weissleder and U. Mahmood, “Molecular imaging,” Radiology, vol. 219, no. 2, pp. 316–333, 2001.
- M. Fumita and R. B. Innis, Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 1st edition, 2002.
- W. D. Heiss and K. Herholz, “Brain receptor imaging,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 302–312, 2006.
- C. Sioka, A. Fotopoulos, and A. P. Kyritsis, “Recent advances in PET imaging for evaluation of Parkinson's disease,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 1594–1603, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- N. Pavese and D. J. Brooks, “Imaging neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1792, no. 7, pp. 722–729, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Pavese, L. Kiferle, and P. Piccini, “Neuroprotection and imaging studies in Parkinson's disease,” Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol. 15, supplement 4, pp. S33–S37, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. P. Seibyl, “Imaging studies in movement disorders,” Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 105–113, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. J. Brooks, K. A. Frey, K. L. Marek et al., “Assessment of neuroimaging techniques as biomarkers of the progression of Parkinson's disease,” Experimental Neurology, vol. 184, supplement 1, pp. S68–S79, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. O. Rinne, A. Laihinen, K. Någren, H. Ruottinen, U. Ruotsalainen, and U. K. Rinne, “PET examination of the monoamine transporter with [11C]β-CIT and [11C]β-CFT in early Parkinson's disease,” Synapse, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 97–103, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. O. Rinne, H. Ruottinen, J. Bergman, M. Haaparanta, P. Sonninen, and O. Solin, “Usefulness of a dopamine transporter PET ligand [18F]β-CFT in assessing disability in Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 737–741, 1999. View at Scopus
- J. O. Rinne, E. Nurmi, H. M. Ruottinen, J. Bergman, O. Eskola, and O. Solin, “[18F]FDOPA and [18F]CFT are both sensitive PET markers to detect presynaptic dopaminergic hypofunction in early Parkinson's disease,” Synapse, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 193–200, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. K. Meegalla, K. Plössl, M. P. Kung et al., “Synthesis and characterization of technetium-99m-labeled tropanes as dopamine transporter-imaging agents,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 9–17, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. P. Kung, D. A. Stevenson, K. Plössl et al., “[]TRODAT-1: a novel technetium-99m complex as a dopamine transporter imaging agent,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 372–380, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. J. Ribeiro, M. Vidailhet, C. Loc'h et al., “Dopaminergic function and dopamine transporter binding assessed with positron emission tomography in Parkinson disease,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 580–586, 2002. View at Scopus
- J. Booij, G. Tissingh, A. Winogrodzka et al., “Practical benefit of [123I]FP-CIT SPET in the demonstration of the dopaminergic deficit in Parkinson's disease,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 68–71, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. L. Cummings, C. Henchcliffe, S. Schaier, T. Simuni, A. Waxman, and P. Kemp, “The role of dopaminergic imaging in patients with symptoms of dopaminergic system neurodegeneration,” Brain, vol. 134, no. 11, pp. 3146–3166, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- B. Ravina, D. Eidelberg, J. E. Ahlskog et al., “The role of radiotracer imaging in Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 208–215, 2005. View at Scopus
- H. H. Fernandez, J. H. Friedman, A. J. Fischman, R. B. Noto, and M. C. Lannon, “Is altropane SPECT more sensitive to fluoroDOPA PET for detecting early Parkinson's disease?” Medical Science Monitor, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1339–1343, 2001. View at Scopus
- E. Nurmi, H. M. Ruottinen, J. Bergman et al., “Rate of progression in Parkinson's disease: a 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa PET study,” Movement Disorders, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 608–615, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. S. Huang, Y. H. Chiang, J. C. Lin, Y. H. Chou, C. Y. Cheng, and R. S. Liu, “Crossover study of -TRODAT-1 SPECT and 18F-FDOPA PET in Parkinson's disease patients,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 999–1005, 2003. View at Scopus
- C. R. Freed, P. E. Greene, R. E. Breeze et al., “Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson's disease,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 344, no. 10, pp. 710–719, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Ma, C. Tang, T. Chaly et al., “Dopamine cell implantation in Parkinson's disease: long-term clinical and 18F-FDOPA PET outcomes,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 7–15, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. J. Marks Jr., J. L. Ostrem, L. Verhagen et al., “Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2-neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: an open-label, phase I trial,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 400–408, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Ernst, A. J. Zametkin, J. A. Matochik, D. Pascualvaca, P. H. Jons, and R. M. Cohen, “High midbrain [18F]DOPA accumulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 156, no. 8, pp. 1209–1215, 1999. View at Scopus
- N. H. Patel, N. S. Vyas, B. K. Puri, K. S. Nijran, and A. Al-Nahhas, “Positron emission tomography in schizophrenia: a new perspective,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 511–520, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- O. D. Howes, A. J. Montgomery, M. C. Asselin et al., “Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophenia,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 13–20, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. L. Eberling, W. J. Jagust, C. W. Christine et al., “Results from a phase I safety trial of hAADC gene therapy for Parkinson disease,” Neurology, vol. 70, no. 21, pp. 1980–1983, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. I. Muramatsu, K. I. Fujimoto, S. Kato et al., “A phase I study of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase gene therapy for Parkinson's disease,” Molecular Therapy, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1731–1735, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Shi, L. Y. Zhao, M. L. Copersino et al., “PET imaging of dopamine transporter and drug craving during methadone maintenance treatment and after prolonged abstinence in heroin users,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 579, no. 1–3, pp. 160–166, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. J. Spencer, J. Biederman, B. K. Madras et al., “In vivo neuroreceptor imaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a focus on the dopamine transporter,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1293–1300, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Quinn, “A multicenter assessment of dopamine transporter imaging with DOPASCAN/SPECT in parkinsonism,” Neurology, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 746–747, 2001. View at Scopus
- S. Asenbaum, W. Pirker, P. Angelberger, G. Bencsits, M. Pruckmayer, and T. Brucke, “[123I] β-CIT and SPECT in essential tremor and Parkinson's disease,” Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 105, no. 10–12, pp. 1213–1228, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- R. T. Malison, S. E. Best, C. H. van Dyck et al., “Elevated striatal dopamine transporters during acute cocaine abstinence as measured by [123I]β-CIT SPECT,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 155, no. 6, pp. 832–834, 1998. View at Scopus
- L. K. Jacobsen, J. K. Staley, R. T. Malison et al., “Elevated central serotonin transporter binding availability in acutely abstinent cocaine-dependent patients,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 157, no. 7, pp. 1134–1140, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. H. van Dyck, D. M. Quinlan, L. M. Cretella et al., “Unaltered dopamine transporter availability in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 159, no. 2, pp. 309–312, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Booij, J. D. Speelman, M. W. I. M. Horstink, and E. C. Wolters, “The clinical benefit of imaging striatal dopamine transporters with [123I]FP-CIT SPET in differentiating patients with presynaptic parkinsonism from those with other forms of parkinsonism,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 266–272, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. Koch, C. Hamann, P. E. Radau, and K. Tatsch, “Does combined imaging of the pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic system increase the diagnostic accuracy in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism?” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1265–1273, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Plotkin, H. Amthauer, S. Klaffke et al., “Combined 123I-FP-CIT and 123I-IBZM SPECT for the diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes: study on 72 patients,” Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 112, no. 5, pp. 677–692, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. S. Benamer, J. Patterson, D. G. Grosset et al., “Accurate differentiation of parkinsonism and essential tremor using visual assessment of [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT imaging: the [123I]-FP-CIT study group,” Movement Disorders, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 503–510, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Colloby and J. O'Brien, “Functional imaging in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies,” Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 158–163, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. T. O'Brien, S. Colloby, J. Fenwick et al., “Dopamine transporter loss visualized with FP-CIT SPECT in the differential diagnosis of dementia with lewy bodies,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 919–925, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Larisch, W. Sitte, C. Antke et al., “Striatal dopamine transporter density in drug naive patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 267–270, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Hesse, O. Ballaschke, H. Barthel, and O. Sabri, “Dopamine transporter imaging in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” Psychiatry Research, vol. 171, no. 2, pp. 120–128, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. S. H. Vles, F. J. M. Feron, J. G. M. Hendriksen, J. Jolles, M. J. P. G. van Kroonenburgh, and W. E. J. Weber, “Methylphenidate down-regulates the dopamine receptor and transporter system in children with Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder (ADHD),” Neuropediatrics, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 77–80, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. J. Mateos, F. Lomeña, E. Parellada et al., “Lower striatal dopamine transporter binding in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients is not related to antipsychotic treatment but it suggests an illness trait,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 191, no. 3, pp. 805–811, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. S. Huang, S. Z. Lin, J. C. Lin, S. P. Wey, G. Ting, and R. S. Liu, “Evaluation of early-stage Parkinson's disease with -TRODAT-1 imaging,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 1303–1308, 2001. View at Scopus
- Y. H. Weng, T. C. Yen, M. C. Chen et al., “Sensitivity and specificity of -TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging in differentiating patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease from healthy subjects,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 393–401, 2004. View at Scopus
- C. M. Chen, C. H. Lin, H. F. Juan et al., “ATP13A2 variability in Taiwanese Parkinson's disease,” American Journal of Medical Genetics B, vol. 156, no. 6, pp. 720–729, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. S. Lu, Y. H. Weng, M. C. Chen et al., “-TRODAT-1 imaging of multiple system atrophy,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 49–55, 2004. View at Scopus
- K. Y. Tzen, C. S. Lu, T. C. Yen, S. P. Wey, and G. Ting, “Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and vascular parkinsonism by -TRODAT-1,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 408–413, 2001. View at Scopus
- C. C. Huang, T. C. Yen, Y. H. Weng, and C. S. Lu, “Normal dopamine transporter binding in dopa responsive dystonia,” Journal of Neurology, vol. 249, no. 8, pp. 1016–1020, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. Y. Lin, K. J. Lin, Y. H. Weng et al., “Preliminary studies of differential impairments of the dopaminergic system in subtypes of progressive supranuclear palsy,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 974–980, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. H. Weng, Y. H. W. Chou, W. S. Wu et al., “PINK1 mutation in Taiwanese early-onset parkinsonism: clinical, genetic, and dopamine transporter studies,” Journal of Neurology, vol. 254, no. 10, pp. 1347–1355, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. C. Yen, K. Y. Tzen, M. C. Chen et al., “Dopamine transporter concentration is reduced in asymptomatic Machado-Joseph disease gene carriers,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 153–159, 2002. View at Scopus
- P. Crits-Christoph, A. Newberg, N. Wintering et al., “Dopamine transporter levels in cocaine dependent subjects.,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 98, no. 1-2, pp. 70–76, 2008. View at Scopus
- T. L. Yeh, K. C. Chen, S. H. Lin, et al., “Availability of dopamine and serotonin transporters in opioid-dependent users—a two-isotope SPECT study,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 220, no. 1, pp. 55–64, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- Y. K. Yang, W. J. Yao, T. L. Yeh et al., “Decreased dopamine transporter availability in male smokers—a dual isotope SPECT study,” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 274–279, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Newberg, C. Lerman, N. Wintering, K. Ploessl, and P. D. Mozley, “Dopamine transporter binding in smokers and nonsmokers,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 452–455, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. H. Krause, S. H. Dresel, J. Krause, C. la Fougere, and M. Ackenheil, “The dopamine transporter and neuroimaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 605–613, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Krause, “SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 611–625, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Dresel, J. Krause, K. H. Krause et al., “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: binding of []TRODAT-1 to the dopamine transporter before and after methylphenidate treatment,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1518–1524, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. H. Krause, S. H. Dresel, J. Krause, H. F. Kung, and K. Tatsch, “Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate as measured by single photon emission computed tomography,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 285, no. 2, pp. 107–110, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Krause, C. la Fougere, K. H. Krause, M. Ackenheil, and S. H. Dresel, “Influence of striatal dopamine transporter availability on the response to methylphenidate in adult patients with ADHD,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 255, no. 6, pp. 428–431, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. La Fougère, J. Krause, K. H. Krause et al., “Value of -TRODAT-1 SPECT to predict clinical response to methylphenidate treatment in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 733–737, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- K. H. Krause, S. H. Dresel, J. Krause, H. F. Kung, K. Tatsch, and M. Ackenheil, “Stimulant-like action of nicotine on striatal dopamine transporter in the brain of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 111–113, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. D. Dougherty, A. A. Bonab, T. J. Spencer, S. L. Rauch, B. K. Madras, and A. J. Fischman, “Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” The Lancet, vol. 354, no. 9196, pp. 2132–2133, 1999. View at Scopus
- K. A. Cheon, Y. H. Ryu, Y. K. Kim, K. Namkoong, C. H. Kim, and J. D. Lee, “Dopamine transporter density in the basal ganglia assessed with [123I]IPT SPET in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 306–311, 2003. View at Scopus
- A. Abi-Dargham, O. Mawlawi, I. Lombardo et al., “Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 3708–3719, 2002. View at Scopus
- Y. Okubo, T. Suhara, K. Suzuki et al., “Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET,” Nature, vol. 385, no. 6617, pp. 634–635, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Karlsson, L. Farde, C. Halldin, and G. Sedvall, “PET study of D1 dopamine receptor binding in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 159, no. 5, pp. 761–767, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler, and G. J. Wang, “The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: brain circuits and treatment strategies,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 47, supplement 1, pp. S3–S13, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler, G. J. Wang, J. M. Swanson, and F. Telang, “Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results of imaging studies and treatment implications,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 1575–1579, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler, G. J. Wang, and J. M. Swanson, “Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications,” Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 557–569, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler, G. J. Wang, R. Baler, and F. Telang, “Imaging dopamine's role in drug abuse and addiction,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 56, supplement 1, pp. S3–S8, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, J. S. Fowler et al., “Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D2 receptors,” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 291, no. 1, pp. 409–415, 1999. View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, J. S. Fowler et al., “Prediction of reinforcing responses to psychostimulants in humans by brain dopamine D2 receptor levels,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 156, no. 9, pp. 1440–1443, 1999. View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, M. W. Fischman et al., “Relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter occupancy,” Nature, vol. 386, no. 6627, pp. 827–830, 1997. View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler, G. J. Wang et al., “Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers,” Synapse, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 169–177, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, L. Chang, G. J. Wang et al., “Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 158, no. 12, pp. 2015–2021, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. J. Wang, N. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler et al., “Dopamine D2 receptor availability in opiate-dependent subjects before and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 174–182, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, J. S. Fowler et al., “Decreases in dopamine receptors but not in dopamine transporters in alcoholics,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1594–1598, 1996. View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, G. Wang, J. S. Fowler et al., “Therapeutic doses of oral methylphenidate significantly increase extracellular dopamine in the human brain,” The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 21, no. 2, Article ID RC121, 2001. View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, J. S. Fowler et al., “Relationship between blockade of dopamine transporters by oral methylphenidate and the increases in extracellular dopamine: therapeutic implications,” Synapse, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 181–187, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Farde, S. Pauli, H. Hall et al., “Stereoselective binding of 11C-raclopride in living human brain—a search for extrastriatal central D-2 dopamine receptors by PET,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 471–478, 1988. View at Scopus
- M. Nord and L. Farde, “Antipsychotic occupancy of dopamine receptors in schizophrenia,” CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 97–103, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- S. Kasper, J. Tauscher, B. Küfferle, C. Barnas, L. Pezawas, and S. Quiner, “Dopamine- and serotonin-receptors in schizophrenia: results of imaging-studies and implicationsfor pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 249, supplement 4, pp. S83–S89, 1999.
- A. Abi-Dargham, J. Rodenhiser, D. Printz et al., “Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 97, no. 14, pp. 8104–8109, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Tauscher, B. Küfferle, S. Asenbaum, S. Tauscher-Wisniewski, and S. Kasper, “Striatal dopamine-2 receptor occupancy as measured with [123I]iodobenzamide and SPECT predicted the occurrence of EPS in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics and haloperidol,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 42–49, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Kasper, J. Tauscher, E. Küfferle, B. Hesselmann, C. Barnas, and T. Brücke, “IBZM-SPECT imaging of dopamine D2 receptors with typical and atypical antipsychotics,” European Psychiatry, vol. 13, supplement 1, pp. S9–S14, 1998. View at Scopus
- N. Okamura, V. L. Villemagne, J. Drago et al., “In vivo measurement of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 density in Parkinson disease with 18F-AV-133,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 223–228, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. L. Villemagne, N. Okamura, S. Pejoska et al., “In vivo assessment of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 in dementia with lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 905–912, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- H. F. Kung, Y. Z. Guo, J. Billings et al., “Preparation and biodistribution of [125I]IBZM: a potential CNS D-2 dopamine receptor imaging agent,” International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation B, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 195–201, 1988. View at Scopus
- H. F. Kung, S. Pan, M. P. Kung et al., “In vitro and in vivo evaluation of [123I]IBZM: a potential CNS D-2 dopamine receptor imaging agent,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 88–92, 1989. View at Scopus
- L. H. Pinborg, C. Videbaek, M. Ziebell et al., “[123I]epidepride binding to cerebellar dopamine D2/D3 receptors is displaceable: implications for the use of cerebellum as a reference region,” Neuroimage, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1450–1453, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. I. Bohnen and K. A. Frey, “Imaging of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurochemical changes in neurodegenerative disorders,” Molecular Imaging and Biology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 243–257, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. Lu and M. E. Wolf, “Expression of dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 mRNAs in rat midbrain after repeated amphetamine administration,” Molecular Brain Research, vol. 49, no. 1-2, pp. 137–148, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. J. Lin, Y. H. Weng, S. P. Wey et al., “Whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of 18F-FP-(+) -DTBZ (18F-AV-133): a novel vesicular monoamine transporter 2 imaging agent,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 1480–1485, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. J. Gelb, E. Oliver, and S. Gilman, “Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 33–39, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Tolosa, G. Wenning, and W. Poewe, “The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 75–86, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Pahwa and K. E. Lyons, “Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: recommendations from diagnostic clinical guidelines,” The American Journal of Managed Care, vol. 16, supplement 4, pp. S94–99, 2010. View at Scopus
- A. J. Hughes, S. E. Daniel, S. Blankson, and A. J. Lees, “A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of Parkinson's disease,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 140–148, 1993. View at Scopus
- A. H. Rajput, B. Rozdilsky, and A. Rajput, “Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinsonism—a prospective study,” Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 275–278, 1991. View at Scopus
- A. Antonini, “Imaging for early differential diagnosis of parkinsonism,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 130–131, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. C. Felicio, M. C. Shih, C. Godeiro-Junior, L. A. F. Andrade, R. A. Bressan, and H. B. Ferraz, “Molecular imaging studies in Parkinson disease reducing diagnostic uncertainty,” Neurologist, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 6–16, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. M. M. Vlaar, T. de Nijs, A. G. H. Kessels et al., “Diagnostic value of 123I-ioflupane and 123I- iodobenzamide SPECT scans in 248 patients with Parkinsonian syndromes,” European Neurology, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 258–266, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Thanvi, N. Lo, and T. Robinson, “Vascular parkinsonism—an important cause of parkinsonism in older people,” Age and Ageing, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 114–119, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. L. Berry and T. Foltynie, “Gene therapy: a viable therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease?” Journal of Neurology, vol. 258, no. 2, pp. 179–188, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Leriche, T. Björklund, N. Breysse et al., “Positron emission tomography imaging demonstrates correlation between behavioral recovery and correction of dopamine neurotransmission after gene therapy,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1544–1553, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. G. Kaplitt, A. Feigin, C. Tang et al., “Safety and tolerability of gene therapy with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) borne GAD gene for Parkinson's disease: an open label, phase I trial,” The Lancet, vol. 369, no. 9579, pp. 2097–2105, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, J. S. Fowler et al., “Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects,” Nature, vol. 386, no. 6627, pp. 830–833, 1997. View at Scopus
- N. D. Volkow, Y. S. Ding, J. S. Fowler et al., “Is methylphenidate like cocaine? Studies on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 456–463, 1995. View at Scopus
- M. V. Solanto, “Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and integration,” Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 127–152, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Abi-Dargham, “Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence,” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 7, supplement 1, pp. S1–S5, 2004. View at Scopus
- O. Langer and C. Halldin, “PET and SPET tracers for mapping the cardiac nervous system,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 416–434, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Takano, “The application of PET technique for the development and evaluation of novel antipsychotics,” Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 371–377, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Hiemke, “Therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: does it hold its promises?” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 258, supplement 1, pp. S21–S27, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Kapur, R. Zipursky, C. Jones, G. Remington, and S. Houle, “Relationship between dopamine D2 occupancy, clinical response, and side effects: a double-blind PET study of first-episode schizophrenia,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 157, no. 4, pp. 514–520, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus