Research Article
Evaluation of Plant and Fungal Extracts for Their Potential Antigingivitis and Anticaries Activity
Table 1
Results from 9 high-throughput assays used to evaluate the extracts for their potential antigingivitis activities and anticaries activities.
| | Assay | Beer | Black tea | Chicory | Cranberry | Green tea | Shiitake | Raspberry |
| | 1. Inhibition of biofilm formation. ± = 25%, 1 = 25–50%, 2 = 51–80%, 3 = 81–100% compared to untreated control. |
| | Sm | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | | Sm (+sucrose) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | | Lc |
±
| 3 | 1 |
±
| 2 | 2 | 3 | | Vd | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | | Fn | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | | An | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | | Pi | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| | 2. Antibacterial activity (MIC) |
| | Pi | >50 | >50 | 50 | 3.13 | >50 | 12.5 | 50 | | An | 12.5 | 25 | >50 | 3.13 | 25 | 6.25 | 12.5 | | Lc | 50 | 50 | >50 | >50 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | | Sm | 50 | 50 | >50 | >50 | 3.13 | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| | 3. Prevention of coaggregation. 0 = no inhibition, 1 = partial inhibition, 2 = complete inhibition |
| | Pi/Ss | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Fn/Ss | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | | Fn/Ns | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | | Sa/Vp | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | | Sa/Ns | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | | Sm/Ss | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | Sm/Lc | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 4. Disruption of pre-existing biofilms. % disrupted (% dead) |
| | An | 22 (12) | 11 (1) | 38 (4) | nt | nt | 52 (4) | 32 (6) | | Pi | 67 (6) | 45 (10) | 27 (13) | ny | nt | 31 (19) | 55 (19) | | Lc | 51 (7) | 50 (6) | 59 (3) | 15 (7) | 53 (3) | 31 (2) | 31 (8) | | Sm | 33 (9) | 31 (27) | 38 (5) | 26 (9) | 6.5 (1) | 75 (58) | 44 (4) |
| | 5a. Prevention of the adhesion to gingival epithelial cells |
| | An | 53 | 53 | 81 | 76 | 91 | Toxic | 66 |
| | 5b. Prevention of the invasion into gingival epithelial cells |
| | An | 93 | 95 | 98 | 94 | 100 | Toxic | 69 |
| | 7a. Prevention of adhesion to hydroxyapatite |
| | Sm | 32 | 65 | 75 | 98 | 96 | 44 | 81 | | Ss | 27 | 79 | 55 | 91 | 21 | 70 | 92 | | Lc | 24 | 88 | 89 | 98 | 52 | 80 | 93 |
| | 7b. Prevention of induction of detachment from hydroxyapatite |
| | Sm | 6 | 27 | 16 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 10 | | Ss | 4 | NT | 5 | 21 | 2 | 14 | 6 | | Lc | 5 | 15 | 22 | 5 | 8 | 28 | 7 |
| | 8. Disruption of signal transduction. % of control |
| | Sm | 38 | 87 | 39 | 39 | 61 | 21 | 51 |
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Sm: S. mutans; Lc: L. casei; Vd: V. dispar; Fn: F. nucleatum; An: A. naeslundii; Pi: P. intermedia; Ns: N. subflava; Ss: S. sanguinis.
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