Enzymatic Synthesis of Ampicillin: Nonlinear Modeling, Kinetics Estimation, and Adaptive Control

Figure 3

Bond graph model of the enzymatic synthesis of ampicillin. The directions of half arrows correspond to the run of the reaction, from the reactants towards the reaction products. The mass balances are represented by five 0-junctions, and the mass flows of entering/exiting components are modeled using modulated source flows Sf. The reaction rates are modeled by three modulated two port R elements, MR1, MR2, and MR3. In order to simplify the model representation, the feed flow and the volume are not shown. The bond graph model was depicted in 20 sim environment.