Copyright © 2012 Sabine Wislet-Gendebien et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. K. Takahashi, K. Okita, M. Nakagawa, and S. Yamanaka, “Induction of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblast cultures,” Nature protocols, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 3081–3089, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
2. I. H. Park, R. Zhao, J. A. West et al., “Reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency with defined factors,” Nature, vol. 451, no. 7175, pp. 141–146, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
3. S. U. Kim and J. de Vellis, “Stem cell-based cell therapy in neurological diseases: a review,” Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 2183–2200, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
4. R. Patani, A. J. Hollins, T. M. Wishart et al., “Retinoid-independent motor neurogenesis from human embryonic stem cells reveals a medial columnar ground state,” Nature Communications, vol. 2, no. 1, article 214, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
5. A. Swistowski, J. Peng, Q. Liu et al., “Efficient generation of functional dopaminergic neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions,” Stem Cells, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1893–1904, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
6. S. Wislet-Gendebien, G. Hans, P. Leprince, J. M. Rigo, G. Moonen, and B. Rogister, “Plasticity of cultured mesenchymal stem cells: switch from nestin-positive to excitable neuron-like phenotype,” Stem Cells, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 392–402, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
7. S. Wislet-Gendebien, F. Wautier, P. Leprince, and B. Rogister, “Astrocytic and neuronal fate of mesenchymal stem cells expressing nestin,” Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 68, no. 1-2, pp. 95–102, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
8. G. L. Ming and H. Song, “Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: significant answers and significant questions,” Neuron, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 687–702, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
9. S. Gögel, M. Gubernator, and S. L. Minger, “Progress and prospects: stem cells and neurological diseases,” Gene Therapy, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
10. J. H. Kordower, Y. Chu, R. A. Hauser, T. B. Freeman, and C. W. Olanow, “Lewy body-like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson's disease,” Nature Medicine, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 504–506, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
11. J. Y. Li, E. Englund, J. L. Holton et al., “Lewy bodies in grafted neurons in subjects with Parkinson's disease suggest host-to-graft disease propagation,” Nature Medicine, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–503, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
12. I. Mendez, A. Vinuela, A. Astradsson et al., “Dopamine neurons implanted into people with Parkinson's disease survive without pathology for 14 years,” Nature Medicine, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 507–509, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
13. D. R. Wakeman, H. B. Dodiya, and J. H. Kordower, “Cell transplantation and gene therapy in Parkinson's disease,” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 126–158, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
14. S. C. Schwarz and J. Schwarz, “Translation of stem cell therapy for neurological diseases,” Translational Research, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 155–160, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
15. D. Solter, “From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells and beyond: a history of embryonic stem cell research,” Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 319–327, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
16. P. Bianco, M. Riminucci, S. Gronthos, and P. G. Robey, “Bone marrow stromal stem cells: nature, biology, and potential applications,” Stem Cells, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 180–192, 2001.
17. A. Hilfiker, C. Kasper, R. Hass, and A. Haverich, “Mesenchymal stem cells and progenitor cells in connective tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: is there a future for transplantation?” Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, vol. 396, no. 4, pp. 489–497, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
18. S. Wislet-Gendebien, P. Leprince, G. Moonen, and B. Rogister, “Regulation of neural markers nestin and GFAP expression by cultivated bone marrow stromal cells,” Journal of Cell Science, vol. 116, no. 16, pp. 3295–3302, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
19. S. Wislet-Gendebien, F. Wautier, E. Laudet, and B. Rogister, Does Neural Phenotypic Plasticity from Non-Neural Cells Really Exist?Cell Differentiation Research Developments, Nova Publisher, New York, NY, USA, 2008.
20. N. Nagoshi, S. Shibata, Y. Kubota et al., “Ontogeny and multipotency of neural crest-derived stem cells in mouse bone marrow, dorsal root ganglia, and whisker pad,” Cell Stem Cell, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 392–403, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
21. C. Kalcheim, “Mechanisms of early neural crest development: from cell specification to migration,” International Review of Cytology, vol. 200, pp. 143–196, 2000.
22. J. G. Toma, I. A. McKenzie, D. Bagli, and F. D. Miller, “Isolation and characterization of multipotent skin-derived precursors from human skin,” Stem Cells, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 727–737, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
23. G. M. Kruger, J. T. Mosher, S. Bixby, N. Joseph, T. Iwashita, and S. J. Morrison, “Neural crest stem cells persist in the adult gut but undergo changes in self-renewal, neuronal subtype potential, and factor responsiveness,” Neuron, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 657–669, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
24. H. Y. Li, E. H. Say, and X. F. Zhou, “Isolation and characterization of neural crest progenitors from adult dorsal root ganglia,” Stem Cells, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2053–2065, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
25. M. Sieber-Blum, M. Grim, Y. F. Hu, and V. Szeder, “Pluripotent neural crest stem cells in the adult hair follicle,” Developmental Dynamics, vol. 231, no. 2, pp. 258–269, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
26. C. E. Wong, C. Paratore, M. T. Dours-Zimmermann et al., “Neural crest-derived cells with stem cell features can be traced back to multiple lineages in the adult skin,” Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 175, no. 6, pp. 1005–1015, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
27. S. Yoshida, S. Shimmura, N. Nagoshi et al., “Isolation of multipotent neural crest-derived stem cells from the adult mouse cornea,” Stem Cells, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2714–2722, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
28. R. Pardal, P. Ortega-Sáenz, R. Durán, and J. Lopez-Barneo, “Glia-like stem cells sustain physiologic neurogenesis in the adult mammalian carotid body,” Cell, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 364–377, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
29. X. Jiang, D. H. Rowitch, P. Soriano, A. P. McMahon, and H. M. Sucov, “Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest,” Development, vol. 127, no. 8, pp. 1607–1616, 2000.
30. A. Glejzer, E. Laudet, P. Leprince et al., “Wnt1 and BMP2: two factors recruiting multipotent neural crest progenitors isolated from adult bone marrow,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 2101–2114, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
31. L. Sommer, “Growth factors regulating neural crest cell fate decisions,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 589, pp. 197–205, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
32. G. U. Enzmann, R. L. Benton, J. F. Talbott, Q. Cao, and S. R. Whittemore, “Functional considerations of stem cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord repair,” Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 23, no. 3-4, pp. 479–485, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
33. M. Sieber-Blum, “Epidermal neural crest stem cells and their use in mouse models of spinal cord injury,” Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 189–193, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
34. S. L. Hu, H. S. Luo, J. T. Li et al., “Functional recovery in acute traumatic spinal cord injury after transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,” Critical Care Medicine, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2181–2189, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
35. A. Uccelli, F. Benvenuto, A. Laroni, and D. Giunti, “Neuroprotective features of mesenchymal stem cells,” Best Practice and Research: Clinical Haematology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 59–64, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
36. X. Zeng, Y. S. Zeng, Y. H. Ma et al., “Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a three dimensional gelatin sponge scaffold Attenuate inflammation, promote angiogenesis and reduce cavity formation in experimental spinal cord injury,” Cell Transplantation. In press. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
37. X. Xu, N. Geremia, F. Bao, A. Pniak, M. Rossoni, and A. Brown, “Schwann cell co-culture improves the therapeutic effect of bone marrow stromal cells on recovery in spinal cord-injured mice,” Cell transplantation, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1065–1086, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
38. C. O. Miranda, C. A. Teixeira, M. A. Liz et al., “Systemic delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells diminishes neuropathology in a mouse model of Krabbe's disease,” Stem Cells, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 1738–1751, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
39. N. Scolding, “Adult stem cells and multiple sclerosis,” Cell Proliferation, vol. 44, supplement 1, pp. 35–38, 2011.
40. N. Grigoriadis, A. Lourbopoulos, R. Lagoudaki et al., “Variable behavior and complications of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplanted in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,” Experimental Neurology, vol. 230, no. 1, pp. 78–89, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
41. M. Meyer, P. Jensen, and J. Z. Rasmussen, “Stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative disorders,” Ugeskr Laeger, vol. 172, pp. 2604–2607, 2010.
42. Y. S. Levy, M. Bahat-Stroomza, R. Barzilay et al., “Regenerative effect of neural-induced human mesenchymal stromal cells in rat models of Parkinson's disease,” Cytotherapy, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 340–352, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
43. Z. Zhang, X. Wang, and S. Wang, “Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow of patients with Parkinson's disease,” In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology—Animal, vol. 44, no. 5-6, pp. 169–177, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
44. E. Vassos, M. Panas, A. Kladi, and D. Vassilopoulos, “Effect of CAG repeat length on psychiatric disorders in Huntington's disease,” Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 544–549, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
45. M. DiFiglia, E. Sapp, K. O. Chase et al., “Aggregation of huntingtin in neuronal intranuclear inclusions and dystrophic neurites in brain,” Science, vol. 277, no. 5334, pp. 1990–1993, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
46. B. R. Snyder, A. M. Chiu, D. J. Prockop, and A. W. Chan, “Human multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) increase neurogenesis and decrease atrophy of the striatum in a transgenic mouse model for Huntington's disease,” PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 2, Article ID e9347, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
47. D. J. Selkoe, “Alzheimer's disease: genes, pathogenesis and risk prediction,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 81, no. 2, p. 741, 2001.
48. M. P. Mattson, “Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's disease,” Nature, vol. 430, no. 7000, pp. 631–639, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
49. A. R. Simard, D. Soulet, G. Gowing, J. P. Julien, and S. Rivest, “Bone marrow-derived microglia play a critical role in restricting senile plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease,” Neuron, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 489–502, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
50. J. K. Lee, H. K. Jin, S. Endo, E. H. Schuchman, J. E. Carter, and J.-S. Bae, “Intracerebral transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduces amyloid-β deposition and rescues memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease mice by modulation of immune responses,” Stem Cells, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 329–343, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
51. N. Nagoshi, S. Shibata, M. Nakamura, Y. Matsuzaki, Y. Toyama, and H. Okano, “Neural crest-derived stem cells display a wide variety of characteristics,” Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 1046–1052, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
52. L. Sensebe, P. Bourin, and K. Tarte, “Good manufacturing practices production of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells,” Human Gene Therapy, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 19–26, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed