Table 1: Nitrative and oxidative DNA damage in inflammation-induced carcinogenesis.

Etiologic agent/pathologic condition IARC classificationa Cancer site Associated neoplasm Detection of DNA lesionsc [reference no.] (I) Infection agent Viruses  HPVb   High-risk types 1 Cervix and other site Cervical carcinoma IHC [38]   Low-risk types 2A  HCV, HBVb 1 Liver Hepatocellular carcinoma IHC [56–59]  EBVb 1 Nasopharynx Nasopharyngeal carcinoma IHC [38, 49, 50], ELISA [49] Bacterium  Helicobacter pylori 1 Stomach Gastric cancer IHC [36] Parasites  Opisthorchis viverrini 1 Intra- and extrahepatic bile duct Cholangiocarcinoma IHC [17, 22–26], HPLC-ECD [23, 27]  Schistosoma haematobium 1 Bladder Bladder cancer IHC [60] (II) Inflammatory disease Asbestos fiber 1 Lung Mesothelioma, lung carcinoma IHC [61] Reflux oesophagitis Barrett’s oesophagitis Oesophagus Oesophageal carcinoma IHC (In prep.) Lichen planus Oral Oral squamous cell carcinoma IHC [62] Inflammatory bowel disease Colon Colorectal carcinoma IHC [63]  Crohn’s disease  Chronic ulcerative colitis IHC (this paper) Unknown Soft tissue Malignant fibrous histiocytoma IHC [64, 65]

This table was adapted and modified from the IARC [2] and Coussens and Werb [1]. IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer. aIARC classification: Group 1: carcinogenic to humans; Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans. bHPV: human papilloma virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus. cDNA lesions: IHC, 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxodG detected by immunohistochemistry; HPLC-ECD: 8-oxodG detected by HPLC-ECD; ELISA: serum 8-oxodG detected by ELISA.