| Clinical parameter | SLE | DC | SLE-active nephritis | SLE-renal | SLE-non-renal |
| Patients (number) | 24 | 34 | 8 | 14 | Age (years) | 33 (16) (24) | 33 (12) (34) | 36 (7) (8) | 36 (26) (14) | Female: male ratio | 18 : 6 (24) | 27 : 7 (34) | 8 : 0 (8) | 14 : 0 (14) | Laboratory data | | | | | Leukocyte (109/I) | 7.26 (4.92) (24) | 6.47 (5.47) (34) | 6.73 (5.80) (8) | 9.33 (9.28) (13) | Neutrophil (109/I) | 5.27 (4.62) (16) | 4.27 (5.52) (23) | 4.48 (5.82) (5) | 7.45 (6.62) (6) | Lymphocyte (109/I)†, §§ | 0.76 (0.71) (16) | 0.64 (0.65) (23) | 1.45 (1.30) (5) | 2.12 (1.65) (6) | Hemoglobin (g/I)††, §§ | 95 (24) (24) | 99 (24) (34) | 115 (33) (8) | 117 (18) (13) | Platelet count (109/I) | 210 (180) (24) | 199 (145) (34) | 252 (334) (8) | 198 (159) (13) | Serum creatinine (μmoI/I)††, §§ | 124 (283) (24) | 106 (160) (34) | 71 (9) (8) | 62 (88) (14) | Serum albumin(g/I)**, ††, &, §§ | 28 (8) (23) | 30 (8) (31) | 43 (3) (7) | 41 (7) (12) | 24-hour Ccr (mL/sec) | 0.72 (1.32) (20) | 0.89 (1.29) (24) | 1.09 (—) (3) | 4.91 (0.27) (7) | 24-hour urine protein (g/day)**, ††, &, §§ | 2.82 (7.59) (23) | 2.26 (4.64) (33) | 0.06 (0.05) (8) | 0.04 (0.11) (13) | ESR 1 hour (mm) | 44 (32) (16) | 49 (30) (22) | 31 (46) (5) | 30 (46) (10) | C3 (g/I)*, ††, #, §§ | 0.56 (0.47) (23) | 0.60 (0.54) (31) | 0.80 (0.37) (8) | 1.24 (0.41) (12) | C4 (g/I) | 0.13 (0.16) (18) | 0.14 (0.15) (26) | 0.13 (0.13) (8) | 0.19 (0.10) (13) | Positive anti-dsDNA†, § | 12/24 (50) | 15/32 (46.9) | 3/8 (37.5) | 0/7 (0) | Disease activity | | | | | Total SLEDAI**, & | 15 (10) (23) | 14 (10) (29) | 8 (5) (8) | — | Extrarenal SLEDAI | 4 (4) (23) | 4 (7) (29) | 8 (5) (8) | — | Renal SLEDAI**, & | 12 (4) (23) | 8 (8) (32) | 0 (0) (8) | — | Proteinuria >0.5 g/day**, & | 19/23 (82.6) | 29/33 (87.9) | 0/8 (0) | — | Hematuria**, & | 20/24 (83.3) | 20/33 (60.6) | 0/8 (0) | — | Pyuria* | 10/24 (41.7) | 10/33 (30.3) | 0/8 (0) | — | Urinary casts | 9/24 (37.5) | 9/33 (27.3) | 0/8 (0) | — | Clinical features | | | | | Active nephritis | 24/24 (100) | 24/34 (70.6) | 0/8 (0) | 0/14 (0) | Leukopenia | 1/24 (4.2) | 5/34 (14.7) | 1/8 (12.5) | 0/13 (0) | Lymphopenia†, §§ | 13/16 (81.3) | 19/23 (82.6) | 3/5 (60) | 1/6 (16.7) | Thrombocytopenia | 2/24 (8.3) | 3/34 (8.8) | 0/8 (0) | 0/13 (0) | Low complement†, § | 20/24 (83.3) | 27/33 (81.8) | 5/8 (62.5) | 6/14 (42.9) | Arthritis | 1/24 (4.2) | 2/34 (5.9) | 0/8 (0) | — | Rash | 5/24 (20.8) | 8/34 (23.5) | 2/8 (25) | — | Serositis | 2/24 (8.3) | 2/34 (5.9) | 0/8 (0) | — | CNS involvement | 3/24 (12.5) | 5/34 (14.7) | 2/8 (25) | — | Vasculitis | 1/24 (4.2) | 3/34 (8.8) | 2/8 (25) | — | Disease duration (years) | 3.5 (7.5) (24) | 5.0 (9.5) (34) | 3.1 (3.8) (8) | — | Drug treatment | | | | | Steroids††, §§ | 24/24 (100) | 34/34 (100) | 8/8 (100) | 9/14 (64.3) | Daily prednisolone or equivalent dosage (mg/day)c †, § | 18.4 (17) (24) | 18 (14) (34) | 13 (20) (8) | 7 (20) (13) | Hydroxychloroquine | 22/24 (91.7) | 30/34 (88.2) | 8/8 (100) | 12/14 (85.7) | Azathioprine | 6/24 (25) | 11/34 (32.4) | 0/8 (0) | 3/14 (21.4) | Mycophenolate mofetil | 1/24 (4.2) | 2/34 (5.9) | 0/8 (0) | 0/14 (0) | Cyclophosphamide | 4/24 (16.7) | 4/34 (11.8) | 2/8 (25) | 1/14 (7.1) | Aspirin or NSAIDs | 9/24 (37.5) | 14/34 (41.2) | 6/8 (75) | 7/14 (50) | ACEIs or ARBs*, ††, § | 10/24 (41.7) | 12/34 (35.3) | 0/8 (0) | 0/14 (0) | Pulse therapyd | 11/24 (45.8) | 12/34 (35.3) | 3/8 (37.5) | 3/14 (21.4) |
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