Investigating Potential Mechanisms of Obesity by Metabolomics

Table 1

Metabolite changes in obesity.

Pathway	Metabolite^a	Model/sample^b	Analytical platform	Reference
Glucose metabolism and TCA cycle	Lactate (+)	HFD rat/urine	^1HNMR	[20]
		HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[19]
		Zucker rat/liver, blood	^1HNMR	[18]
		Zucker rat/urine, blood	^1HNMR	[21]
		LDLr mouse/liver	^1HNMR	[22]
	Lactate (−)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[56]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[23]
	Acetate (+)	Zucker rat/ blood	^1HNMR	[18]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[21]
	Acetate (−)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[28]
		HFD mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[55]
		HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[56]
	Citrate (+)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[28]
		HFD rat/urine	^1HNMR	[20]
		HFD rat/serum	GC-MS	[32]
	Citrate (−)	HFD rat/urine	GC-MS	[32]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[23]
		M391 mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[34]
	Pyruvate (+)	HFD rat/urine	^1HNMR	[20]
		HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[19]
	Succinate (+)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[19]
		HFD rat/liver	GC-MS	[32]
	2-Oxoglutarate (−)	M391 mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[34]
Lipid metabolism	Fatty acid (+)	HFD rat/liver, serum	GC-MS	[32]
		Zucker rat/liver	^1HNMR	[18]
		HFD mouse/liver	LC (GC)-MS	[42]
		Human/blood	UPLC-MS	[46]
	Taurine (+)	HFD rat/urine	^1HNMR	[20]
		HFD mouse/liver	^1HNMR, LC-MS	[54]
		HFD mouse/liver	^1HNMR	[55]
		HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[19]
		HFD mouse/liver	^1HNMR	[34]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[23]
	Taurine (−)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[56]
		Zucker rat/urine	UPLC-MS	[53]
		M391 mouse/liver, urine	^1HNMR	[34]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[21]
	Carnitine (+)	HFD mouse/serum	LC (GC)-MS	[42]
	Carnitine (−)	HFD mouse/liver	LC (GC)-MS	[42]
		Human/blood	UPLC-MS	[46]
	PCs (+); lysoPCs (−)	HFD mouse/serum, liver	LC (GC)-MS	[42]
Choline metabolism	Choline (+)	HFD mouse/liver	^1HNMR, LC-MS	[54]
		Zucker rat/blood	^1HNMR	[21]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[23]
	Betaine (+)	HFD rat/urine	^1HNMR	[20]
	Betaine (−)	HFD mouse/liver	LC (GC)-MS	[42]
		Zucker rat/liver	^1HNMR	[18]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[21]
	TMAO (−)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[28]
		HFD mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[55]
		HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[56]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[21]
	TMAO (+)	M391 mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[34]
	TMA (+)	M391 mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[34]
	TMA (−)	HFD mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[55]
	Sarcosine (+)	HFD mouse/liver	NMR, LC-MS	[54]
	Hippurate (−)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[28]
		Human/urine	^1HNMR	[97]
Amino acid metabolism	BCAA (+)	Human/blood	UPLC-MS	[46]
		HFD rat/liver	GC-MS	[32]
	BCAA (−)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[28]
		HFD mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[55]
		HFD mouse/liver	LC (GC)-MS	[42]
		HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[56]
		HFD rat/urine	GC-MS	[32]
	Methionine (+)	Zucker rat/liver	^1HNMR	[18]
	Methionine (−)	HFD mouse/liver	^1HNMR, LC-MS	[54]
		HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[56]
	Glycine (−)	HFD mouse/liver	^1HNMR, LC-MS	[54]
		Zucker rat/blood	^1HNMR	[21]
		HFD rat/liver,serum	GC-MS	[32]
	Serine (−)	HFD mouse/liver	^1HNMR, LC-MS	[54]
	Alanine (+)	HFD mouse/serum	LC (GC)-MS	[41]
		HFD rat/liver,serum	GC-MS	[32]
	Tyrosine (+)	Human/blood	UPLC-MS	[45]
		HFD mouse/serum	LC (GC)-MS	[41]
		HFD rat/urine	GC-MS	[32]
	Tyrosine (−)	HFD rat/liver	GC-MS	[32]
	Lysine (−); Arginine (−)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[28]
	Phenylalanine (−)	HFD mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[55]
	Glutamate (−)	Zucker rat/blood	^1HNMR	[21]
Creatine metabolism	Creatinine (+)	M391 mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[34]
		HFD mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[55]
	Creatine (+)	HFD mouse/serum	^1HNMR	[19]
		M391 mouse/urine	^1HNMR	[34]
		Zucker rat/urine	^1HNMR	[23]
	Uric acid (+)	HFD mouse/serum	LC (GC)-MS	[42]

^a(+) and (–) indicate an increase or decrease in relative metabolite concentration, respectively, when comparing obesity with control.
^b“Model” denotes the genetic or dietary cause of obesity, “sample” denotes the type of biological sample.