Prostate Stem Cells in the Development of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: Emerging Role and Concepts

Table 1

Molecular alterations in BPH and PCa.

Factors	Normal prostate	BPH	PCa
Prostate-specific factors
5 α reductase	Normal	Upregulated	Upregulated
Androgen receptor (AR)	Normal	Upregulated	Upregulated
AR coactivator	Normal	Upregulated	Upregulated
Androgen corepressor	Normal	Upregulated	Upregulated
PSA level in serum	(0–4 ng/mL)	(2–8 ng/mL)	(4–10 ng/mL)
Growth factors	FGF-2,7,9; IGF 1,2; IGFBP-2	FGF 1,2,9; IGF-2 high; IGFBP-3	FGF-1,2,6,8; IGF-1 high; IGFBP-2 high; IGFBP-3 high
NE cells	Normal	Number decrease	Number increase
Luminal cell factors	Vimentin	Vimentin increase	Vimentin over exp
	Intracellular space normal	Intracellular space increase	Intracellular space decrease
	PMSA normal	PMSA decrease	PMSA increase
Basal cells	Present	Present	Absent
Stromal cell factor	Fibroblast content normal	Fibroblast content increase	Fibroblast content increase
	NMMHC	NMMHC increase	NMMHC
	Elastin	Elastin decrease	Elastin increase
	SMMHC	SMMHC decrease	SMMHC decrease
Stem cell markers	CD44, P63, Sca-1, CD133, CD117, Trop2, CD49f, p27^Kip1, CK5(+), 8(−), PSCA	CD44, p63, Sca-1, CD133, p27^Kip1,; CD117, Trop2, CD49f, AR, CK5(+), 8(−), PSCA high	CD44, Sca-1, CD133,; CD117, Trop2, CD49f, CK5(−), PSCA high, AR