Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Swimmer's Hand Velocity, Orientation, and Shape: Contributions to Hydrodynamics

Table 2

Values of the areas, drag forces, and drag coefficients at different increase of velocity in separated underwater phases varied according to the model of hand: 𝐻_adducted and 𝐻_abducted.

Phases	𝐻adducted area; (×10^−3 m^2)	Initial velocity, m·s^−1		Initial velocity −0.5 m·s^−1		Initial velocity +0.5 m·s^−1		𝐻abducted area; (×10^−3 m^2)	Initial velocity, m·s^−1		Initial velocity −0.5 m·s^−1		Initial velocity +0.5 m·s^−1
		𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷	𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷	𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷		𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷	𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷	𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷
Glide 1	4.77	8.33	0.757	6.22	0.959	10.57	0.633	4.97	8.53	0.744	6.34	0.939	10.89	0.626
Glide 2	5.01	8.48	0.733	6.32	0.928	10.78	0.613	5.03	8.46	0.729	6.28	0.920	10.83	0.614
Glide 3	4.90	8.71	0.816	6.43	1.040	11.14	0.680	5.22	9.07	0.796	6.69	1.015	11.66	0.667
Mean	4.89	8.51	0.77	6.32	0.98	10.83	0.64	5.07	8.69	0.76	6.44	0.96	11.13	0.64
𝑠	0.12	0.19	0.04	0.10	0.06	0.29	0.03	0.13	0.33	0.04	0.22	0.05	0.46	0.03
Pull 1	7.89	16.15	1.280	11.16	1.703	21.62	1.047	8.16	17.23	1.320	11.77	1.736	23.24	1.088
Pull 2	13.51	41.59	1.862	27.83	2.369	57.36	1.580	13.60	38.06	1.694	25.50	2.156	52.35	1.433
Pull 3	11.04	32.50	1.461	22.83	1.817	43.58	1.256	10.24	26.79	1.297	18.82	1.616	35.64	1.107
Mean	10.81	30.08	1.53	20.60	1.96	40.85	1.29	10.67	27.36	1.44	18.70	1.84	37.08	1.21
𝑠	2.82	12.89	0.30	8.56	0.36	18.02	0.27	2.74	10.43	0.22	6.86	0.28	14.61	0.19
Push 1	10.63	32.40	1.261	23.42	1.527	42.63	1.102	11.60	36.87	1.316	26.24	1.569	49.13	1.164
Push 2	9.17	30.32	1.035	22.97	1.218	38.48	0.915	9.56	32.89	1.077	24.63	1.252	42.18	0.963
Push 3	8.44	30.12	0.946	23.41	1.098	37.48	0.842	8.77	32.23	0.974	24.85	1.122	40.55	0.877
Mean	9.42	30.95	1.08	23.27	1.28	39.53	0.95	9.97	34.00	1.12	25.24	1.31	43.95	1.00
𝑠	1.12	1.26	0.16	0.26	0.22	2.73	0.13	1.46	2.51	0.18	0.87	0.23	4.56	0.15