Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Swimmer's Hand Velocity, Orientation, and Shape: Contributions to Hydrodynamics

Table 3

Values of the areas, drag forces, and drag coefficients at different increase of velocity in separated underwater phases varied according to the model of hand: 𝐻_spread and 𝐻_{adducted,spread}.

Phases	𝐻spread area; (×10^−3 m^2)	Initial velocity,; m·s^−1		Initial velocity; −0.5 m·s^−1		Initial velocity; +0.5 m·s^−1		𝐻adducted,spreadarea; (×10^−3 m^2)	Initial velocity,; m·s^−1		Initial velocity; −0.5 m·s^−1		Initial velocity; +0.5 m·s^−1
		𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷	𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷	𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷		𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷	𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷	𝐹𝐷(𝑁)	𝐶𝐷
Glide 1	6.09	10.59	0.754	7.90	0.955	13.46	0.631	5.24	8.21	0.680	6.09	0.855	10.55	0.575
Glide 2	6.50	10.86	0.725	8.09	0.916	13.82	0.607	5.76	10.72	0.806	8.35	1.067	13.94	0.690
Glide 3	6.67	11.24	0.773	8.27	0.982	14.45	0.647	6.55	12.02	0.842	8.69	1.051	15.68	0.715
Mean	6.42	10.90	0.75	8.09	0.95	13.91	0.63	5.85	10.32	0.78	7.71	0.99	13.39	0.66
𝑠	0.30	0.33	0.02	0.18	0.03	0.50	0.02	0.66	1.94	0.09	1.41	0.12	2.61	0.07
Pull 1	9.91	19.68	1.242	13.38	1.626	26.60	1.026	9.61	18.86	1.227	12.90	1.616	25.46	1.012
Pull 2	15.46	34.86	1.364	23.14	1.721	48.22	1.161	14.17	36.65	1.564	24.18	1.962	50.99	1.339
Pull 3	13.58	35.22	1.286	24.56	1.589	47.23	1.106	12.45	34.03	1.356	23.72	1.674	45.80	1.170
Mean	12.98	29.92	1.30	20.36	1.65	40.69	1.10	12.08	29.85	1.38	20.26	1.75	40.75	1.17
𝑠	2.82	8.87	0.06	6.09	0.07	12.21	0.07	2.31	9.60	0.17	6.39	0.19	13.49	0.16
Push 1	13.63	40.38	1.226	28.86	1.467	53.43	1.077	11.66	34.03	1.208	24.56	1.461	44.71	1.054
Push 2	11.77	39.17	1.042	29.40	1.215	50.02	0.928	10.31	31.85	0.967	24.16	1.139	40.30	0.853
Push 3	10.78	39.74	0.977	30.59	1.124	49.78	0.876	9.43	31.81	0.894	24.72	1.037	39.52	0.795
Mean	12.06	39.76	1.08	29.62	1.27	51.08	0.96	10.47	32.56	1.02	24.48	1.21	41.51	0.90
𝑠	1.45	0.61	0.13	0.89	0.18	2.04	0.10	1.12	1.27	0.16	0.29	0.22	2.80	0.14