Early Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease Pathology in Urban Children: Friend versus Foe Responses—It Is Time to Face the Evidence
Figure 6
(a) Fourteen year old MCMA boy with abundant particulate material in neurons in the glomerular region. The insert shows a close-up of one such neuron with abundant particles and positive red cytoplasmic stain for Aβ42. Aβ42 immunohistochemistry and hematoxilin counterstain. (b) Reactive astrocytes are seen in the olfactory bulbs of MC children and teens. This is a 14 y old MCMA boy with reactive olfactory bulb astrocytes strongly staining for GFAP. GFAP immunohistochemistry with red product. (c) Olfactory bulb in an 11 y old MCMA boy APOE 3/3. Numerous neurons display positive cytoplasmic granular staining. α-Synuclein with red product. (d) A close-up of an olfactory bulb neuron with abundant α-Synuclein. (e) A close-up of a Lewy neurite is seen. α-Synuclein with red product. (f) Eleven year old MCMA male with β-amyloid 1–42 in olfactory bulb neurons. Aβ42 immunohistochemistry and hematoxilin counterstain. (g) This is the olfactory bulb of a control 20 year old male from a low polluted city. The glomerular structures are organized and exhibit normal cellular components. H&E. (h) In contrast, this is the olfactory bulb of an 11 year old MC boy APOE 3/3 with abnormal, loose and low cellular glomeruli. H&E. (i) Even more striking changes are seen in this 32 y old MC APOE 4/4 female. There are no remaining normal glomeruli, the few structures remaining are ill-defined with very few cells o no cells at all. It is expected this individual had significant olfactory deficits. H&E. (j) Same case as (i). The olfactory bulb shows extensive premature accumulation of corporae amylacea: glycoproteinaceous inclusions in astrocytic processes associated with astrocytic injury and gliosis. Premature accumulation of corpora amylacea plays an important role in the sequestration of toxic cellular metabolites. H&E.
