Research Article

Brain Tumor Classification Using AFM in Combination with Data Mining Techniques

Figure 7

Typical images of brain tumor samples. (a) Light microscopy image of a stained astrocytoma grade II sample at 100x magnification. Healthy microglia (small black arrows), lymphocytes, and tumor cells (large black arrows) can be identified. (b) Light microscopy image of a glioblastoma multiforme grade IV at 100x magnification. The neuropil is highly porous. Most of the polymorphous tumor cells are surrounded by large cavities (black asterisks). Two isolated blood vessels are apparent by erythrocytes and atypical endothelial cells (large red arrows). (c) Corresponding AFM image at 98 × 98 μm scan size of (a). The neuropil as well as many nuclei of healthy cells are well observed (small white arrows). Tumor cells, however, cannot be clearly identified; they are surrounded by large cavities (white asterisks) and blend into the background (large white arrows). (d) Corresponding AFM image at 98 × 98 μm scan size of (b). The tissue is highly degenerated showing irregular large-scaled cavities (white asterisks). Beside two isolated blood vessels no distinct cell features are recognizable.
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