Wild Plant Assessment for Heavy Metal Phytoremediation Potential along the Mafic and Ultramafic Terrain in Northern Pakistan

Table 2

Concentration of MTM (mg/Kg) in plants (𝑛=126) of the study area.

Plant species	Statistic	Na	K	Ca	Mg	Fe	Mn	Cr	Ni	Co	Cu	Pb	Zn	Cd
Athyrium schimperi (𝑛^a=6)	Range	1134–2352	9486–16044	6181–7604	7152–7579	744–1023	170–365	97–142	289–429	37–45	37–52	11-12	13–22	BDL^d
	Mean	1670 (622)^b	13058 (3318)	6780 (737)	7330 (222)	890 (140)	298 (111)	115 (23)^b	362 (70)	42 (4)	44 (8)	11 (1)	18 (5)	1 (0)
	Ref^c	1744	12830	7352	5067	791	243	191	188	33	102	6	30	1
Berberis lyceum (𝑛=4)	Range	905–1147	4793–4834	5971–11354	3110–5371	486–629	291–517	60–87	251–336	15–17	46–70	8-9	15–25	1-2
	Mean	1026 (171)	4813 (29)	8662 (3806)	4240 (1598)	558 (101)	404 (160)	74 (19)	293 (60)	16 (1)	58 (17)	8 (0)	20 (7)	1 (0)
	Ref	1128	4650	9800	4420	620	380	22	36	14	16	7	16	1
Cirsium vulgare (𝑛=4)	Range	221–637	786–10164	3044–11500	1293–4249	172–777	125–262	26–205	86–223	28–49	33–91	12–15	6–37	BDL
	Mean	400 (173)	3786 (4405)	7405 (3455)	3273 (1347)	459 (248)	134 (100)	131 (76)	166 (58)	36 (9)	66 (26)	13 (1)	21 (13)	0 (0)
	Ref	1350	3966	6040	2943	314	153	114	203	136	110	11	17	1
Daphne mucronata (𝑛=5)	Range	1059–1117	3040–7519	7360–12073	3175–4464	327–418	168–206	75–111	128–160	36–45	42–93	11–17	18–35	BDL
	Mean	1095 (31)	4782 (2399)	10213 (2508)	3926 (671)	379 (47)	181 (21)	98 (20)	147 (17)	40 (5)	72 (27)	14 (3)	28 (9)	1 (0)
	Ref	1133	7730	7568	2131	506	225	166	179	64	86	13	14	0
Debregeasia salicifolia (𝑛=5)	Range	730–915	3376–3701	7836–40915	3524–11414	1253–1384	1121–1172	59–94	143–714	60–75	32–54	10–15	21-22	BDL
	Mean	823 (131)	3538 (229)	24376 (23390)	7469 (5579)	1318 (92)	1146 (36)	76 (24)	428 (403)	67 (10)	43 (16)	12 (4)	22 (1)	1 (0)
	Ref	1262	11406	33125	5974	368	762	146	206	96	109	11	24	1
Dodonaea viscosa (𝑛=8)	Range	321–1120	3253–9823	4800–12672	2836–4694	114–516	134–346	102–165	159–241	49–70	19–57	9–12	17–22	BDL
	Mean	702 (422)	6188 (3437)	9531 (3346)	3614 (829)	365 (177)	240 (92)	139 (27)	201 (33)	57 (9)	35 (18)	10 (1)	20 (2)	0 (0)
	Ref	419	7028	9004	2195	253	211	68	128	88	84	11	30	0
Fimbristylis dichotoma (𝑛=12)	Range	437–1256	2046–14481	2194–4366	1840–4371	266–1420	116–1003	67–287	143–456	29–61	35–72	10–13	10–54	BDL
	Mean	735 (266)	6558 (5066)	3380 (773)	2836 (795)	786 (488)	423 (300)	175 (81)	277 (140)	43 (11)	48 (12)	11 (1)	25 (15)	1 (0)
	Ref	418	6739	3177	3280	2433	448	175	173	39	79	9	29	1
Heteropogon contortus (𝑛=10)	Range	378–1103	1007–14430	1848–2809	2293–5976	372–1198	151–530	110–267	126–637	41–69	27–47	11–13	21–39	BDL
	Mean	818 (270)	5178 (5624)	2312 (397)	3800 (1658)	675 (339)	332 (162)	175 (59)	353 (238)	32 (46)	37 (8)	10 (3)	28 (7)	0 (0)
	Ref	498	4474	4073	2095	368	258	158	147	61	59	9	37	0
Indigofera gerardiana (𝑛=8)	Range	289–523	1584–3220	4946–9860	3240–3680	420–4401	131–185	77–115	249–275	39–73	36–44	9–12	6–18	BDL
	Mean	408 (125)	2348 (855)	7422 (2698)	3432 (185)	2414 (2283)	159 (26)	97 (19)	258 (12)	52 (16)	40 (4)	10 (1)	12 (6)	1 (0)
	Ref	581	5160	8223	2319	202	180	119	144	65	123	13	15	0
Olea ferruginea (𝑛=12)	Range	407–1080	1054–5848	3430–13825	1315–4552	1108–11766	146–670	30–211	84–345	16–69	16–80	11–13	8–37	BDL
	Mean	819 (226)	3487 (1642)	8994 (4631)	3393 (1215)	1984 (4316)	311 (200)	140 (74)	243 (93)	41 (20)	45 (25)	9 (3)	19 (10)	1 (0)
	Ref	784	2233	8390	2248	692	229	113	175	98	55	18	78	1
Plectranthus rugosus (𝑛=13)	Range	600–1475	1165–9295	4658–26874	2890–46233	509–3706	213–797	119–437	353–2049	19–107	43–77	6–14	8–37	BDL
	Mean	1105 (347)	5067 (2973)	11031 (8032)	12966 (14643)	1263 (1017)	365 (194)	225 (106)	658 (571)	42 (33)	57 (14)	10 (2)	21 (8)	1 (0)
	Ref	677	2508	4850	2749	228	288	123	281	115	57	11	34	1
Rubus fruticosus (𝑛=5)	Range	815–1077	6453–8908	6887–8437	4304–6150	583–779	314–403	86–117	253–366	23–39	36–53	8–10	10–17	BDL
	Mean	946 (185)	7680 (1736)	7662 (1096)	5227 (1305)	681 (139)	358 (63)	101 (23)	309 (80)	31 (11)	45 (12)	9 (1)	14 (5)	1 (0)
	Ref	571	5009	5716	5019	2325	640	226	184	92	187	11	59	1
Rumex hastatus (𝑛=12)	Range	636–3257	3220–13180	5983–18497	4714–12400	376–7468	337–3154	56–848	221–1266	26–67	21–55	6–13	5–17	BDL
	Mean	1736 (802)	6639 (3028)	9484 (3949)	8677 (2453)	1675 (2376)	811 (952)	332 (274)	479 (336)	54 (16)	36 (11)	10 (2)	13 (5)	1 (0)
	Ref	2030	13464	11578	6424	847	1008	138	233	81	105	9	16	1
Selaginella jacquemontii (𝑛=5)	Range	426–443	2087–2461	3166–3898	5780–15116	3793–4443	785–915	453–510	1233–2042	87–93	92–97	12-13	27–36	BDL
	Mean	435 (12)	2274 (264)	3532 (517)	10448 (6602)	4118 (460)	850 (92)	482 (40)	1638 (572)	90 (4)	94 (4)	12 (0)	32 (7)	1 (0)
	Ref	480	2432	4366	11400	4450	270	120	345	51	58	14	44	1
Sarcococca saligna (𝑛=4)	Range	1656–1720	9700–10600	11539	4262–4318	456–546	461–614	50–58	176–182	39–44	32–38	11–13	28–32	BDL
	Mean	1688 (46)	10150 (636)	12245 (998)	4290 (39)	501 (64)	537 (108)	54 (6)	179 (4)	42 (4)	35 (4)	12 (2)	30 (3)	1 (0)
	Ref	1268	8793	10529	1562	221	189	122	137	61	60	9	41	0
Tagetes minuta (𝑛=13)	Range	1024–2196	4436–11778	4956–21242	4571–6748	341–1796	193–415	111–411	272–519	28–70	33–146	6–14	16–38	BDL
	Mean	1505 (409)	7525 (3129)	13121 (7809)	6174 (724)	781 (527)	280 (77)	277 (121)	370 (100)	45 (17)	74 (39)	9 (3)	22 (7)	1 (0)
	Ref	1060	10219	15950	3921	465	1743	242	266	108	136	11	29	1

aNumber of plants and soil samples, ^bvalues in parenthesis showed standard deviation, ^creference values, and ^dbelow detection limit.