PPAR Activation Induces M1 Macrophage Polarization via cPLA2-COX-2 Inhibition, Activating ROS Production against Leishmania mexicana
Figure 1
PPAR agonists inhibit cPLA2 phosphorylation and COX-2 expression in L. mexicana-infected macrophages. (a) Protein expression for PPARs and COX-2 and cPLA2 phosphorylation levels were evaluated by Western blotting. (b) Densitometry analyses of cPLA2 phosphorylation and (c) COX-2 expression were performed in basal conditions as well as in macrophages treated or not with PPAR agonists. (d) COX-2 mRNA expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR and analyzed by method. Total ERK1/2 was probed to normalize protein loading. Results are representative of three independent experiments. Graph bars are mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, and statistical analysis was done comparing, for each time, treated versus nontreated macrophages; (*) , (**) , and (***) .
