Extracellular Matrix Degradation and Tissue Remodeling in Periprosthetic Loosening and Osteolysis: Focus on Matrix Metalloproteinases, Their Endogenous Tissue Inhibitors, and the Proteasome

Table 2

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in periprosthetic microenvironment (expression and/or activity: ↑ with bold data: high; ↓ without bold data: low).

TIMPs	Preferred MMP/ADAM/ADAMTS	Expression and/or activity in periprosthetic microenvironment [References]
TIMP-1	Most MMPs, ADAM-10 (inhibition). MT3-MMP, MT5-MMP, MMP-19 (weak inhibition)	↑TIMP-1 [71, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82]
TIMP-2	Most MMPs (inhibition). MMP-2 (activation)	↑TIMP-2 [71, 73, 76, 80, 82]
TIMP-3	Most MMPs, ADAM-10, -12, -17, and ADAMTS-1, -4, -5 (inhibition). MMP-2, MT3-MMP (activation)	↑TIMP-3 [71]
TIMP-4	Most MMPs (inhibition)	↓TIMP-4 [71]