End-Systolic Elastance and Ventricular-Arterial Coupling Reserve Predict Cardiac Events in Patients with Negative Stress Echocardiography

Table 1

Demographics, resting values, and follow-up events.

𝑛(%) or mean ± SD	NL	TEST	HYP	CAD	DC	DCM
Patients	91	162	85	229	102	222
Age (years)	56 ± 15	62 ± 12	66 ± 11	66 ± 10	67 ± 9	61 ± 12*
Males	52 (57)	73 (45)	47 (55)	173 (76)	87 (85)	161 (73)^χ
Body surface area (m^2)	1.84 ± 0.19	1.81 ± 0.18	1.84 ± 0.20	1.87 ± 0.19	1.82 ± 0.185	1.85 ± .20
Previous myocardial infarction	— (0)	— (0)	— (0)	111 (49)	102 (100)	— (0)^χ
Beta blockers on	— (0)	53 (33)	42 (49)	119 (52)	54 (53)	133 (60)^χ
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on	— (0)	36 (22)	45 (53)	87 (38)	82 (80)	183 (82)
Calcium blockers on	— (0)	31 (19)	23 (27)	55 (24)	2 (2)	7 (3)^χ
Wall motion score index	1 ± 0	1.03 ± 0.15	1.06 ± 0.23	1.17 ± 0.3	2.26 ± 0.37	2.23 ± 0.34*
LV ejection fraction (%)	60 ± 6	60 ± 8	58 ± 7	58 ± 9	28 ± 7	28 ± 9*
𝐸LVI/𝐸aI (ratio)	1.6 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.6	1.5 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.6	0.4 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.2*
𝐸LVI (mmHg · mL^−1 · m^−2)	7.1 ± 2.4	7 ± 3.6	6.3 ± 2.8	6.2 ± 3	1.7 ± 0.7	1.9 ± 1*
𝐸aI (mmHg · mL^−1 · m^−2)	4.5 ± 1.3	4.4 ± 1.5	4.3 ± 1.5	4.3 ± 1.5	4.2 ± 1.4	5.4 ± 3.8*
SWI (mmHg · mL · m^−2)	3,248 ± 1,020	3,626 ± 1,187	4,456 ± 1,473	3,819 ± 1,254	2,817 ± 942	2,861 ± 1,437*
PVA (mmHg · mL · m^−2)	4,306 ± 1,276	4,845 ± 1,483	6,052 ± 1,858	5,275 ± 1,722	6,493 ± 2,147	6,414 ± 2,737*
LV end-systolic volume index (mL/m^2)	18 ± 5	20 ± 8	24 ± 9	24 ± 10	71 ± 26	67 ± 30*
Stroke volume index (mL/m^2)	28 ± 7	30 ± 9	34 ± 10	31 ± 9	27 ± 8	27 ± 12*
LV end-diastolic volume index (mL/m^2)	46 ± 11	50 ± 14	58 ± 17	54 ± 16	99 ± 31	94 ± 38*
End-systolic pressure (mmHg)	117 ± 17	121 ± 19	133 ± 19	123 ± 18	104 ± 18	107 ± 19*
Heart rate at rest (bpm)	70 ± 13	70 ± 13	71 ± 14	69 ± 12	73 ± 14	76 ± 16*
Cardiac index (L · min · m^−2)	1.933 ± 560	2.089 ± 624	2.364 ± 735	2.052 ± 659	1.991 ± 743	1.971 ± 989*
SVR (dyn · s^−1 · cm^−5)	2,205 ± 698	2,151 ± 816	2,063 ± 712	2,130 ± 750	2,129 ± 825	2,390 ± 1424
Follow-up events, 𝑛 (%)	— (0)	7 (4)	— (0)	12 (5)	30 (29)	85 (38)^χ
Death	— (0)	4 (3)	— (0)	2 (1)	8 (8)	36 (16)^χ
Heart failure	— (0)	3 (2)	— (0)	10 (4)	22 (22)	49 (22)^χ

^∗𝑃<0.01 between groups (ANOVA); ^χchi square 𝑃<0.01 between groups.
CAD: coronary artery disease; CI: cardiac index; DC: dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy; DCM: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy; 𝐸_aI: arterial elastance index; E _LVI: LV end-systolic elastance index; E _LVI/𝐸_aI: ventricular-arterial coupling ratio; HYP: hypertensives; NLs: normals; PVA: pressure-volume area; SVR: systemic vascular resistance; and TEST: diagnostic tests.