Hyperthermia as Adjunct to Intravesical Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer

Table 1

Methods of intravesical hyperthermia delivery.

Device	Delivery method	Summary	Advantage	References
Synergo system	Local	Thermocouple-controlled Foley catheter delivers HT (41–44°C) by direct irradiation to IVC in bladder at 915 MHz.	Targeted delivery, minimal surrounding tissue injury	[29]
BSD-2000 system	Regional	24-array dipole antennas around the pelvis delivers HT (40–45°C) to bladder containing IVC at 70–120 MHz.	Can be used simultaneously with chemotherapy or radiation.	[30, 31]
AMC4/AMC8 system	Regional	Single/double ring of four/eight 70 MHz waveguides delivery HT (40–45°C) to pelvic region	Can be used simultaneously with chemotherapy or radiation.	[32–34]
BWT system	Local	A 18-French flexible Foley continuously circulates heated (44.5°C) IVC to bladder	No hot or cold spots and hence no burning of outer bladder wall
Sonotherm 1000	Regional	16-sector 1 MHz or 3.4 MHz ultrasound applicator system delivers locoregional 42-43°C heat to tumors.	Adjustable frequency applicators allow depth of heat	[35, 36]