Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein on DOPA- or Dopamine-Treated Titanium Surfaces to Enhance Osseointegration

Table 1

Water contact angle and thickness of the DOPA and dopamine layers formed on titanium.

Treatment	pH	Water contact angle (°)	Thickness (nm)
—	—	0	0
DOPA	4.5	64.0±1.9	0.676±0.017
	8.5	67.8±1.4	3.225±0.073
Dopamine	4.5	51.4±1.9	0.798±0.073
	8.5	54.7±1.1	22.05±1.048