In Vitro Effects of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Alveolar Bone-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tooth Tissue Engineering
Figure 3
Representative optical microscopic images of hABMSCs stimulated for 4 days in static condition (A), at 20% duty cycle (B), and at 50% duty cycle (C) under LIPUS treatment (a). Representative FE-SEM morphologies of hABMSCs stimulated for 7 days in static condition (A), at 20% duty cycle (B), and 50% duty cycle (C) under LIPUS treatment (b). FE-SEM images showed more lining up observation at stimulation groups compared to control group (arrows: cell direction). Cell metabolic viability as optical density of hABMSCs measured using WST-1 (c). Overhead brackets with asterisks indicate significant difference between groups.
