Recent Advances in Particulate Matter and Nanoparticle Toxicology: A Review of the In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

Table 2

In vitro evidence that supports and provides plausible mechanisms for the in vivo observed effects induced by PM and NP.

In vitro evidence supporting the observed in vivo effects
In vivo observed effect	In vitro evidence
Oxidative stress	ROS increases via NADPH-oxidase; in lung epithelial cell exposed to PM.
Local and systemic inflammation	Secretion of IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, TNFa,; MCP-1, and so forth, by lung cells,; macrophages, and cocultures.
Hyperplasia	Proliferative stimuli induced by; extracts of DEP components.
COPD	Increased cytotoxicity on exposed; cell cultures.
Systemic and endothelial dysfunction	Endothelial cell activation by direct; contact with particles or indirectly; induced in cocultures where; pneumocytes, macrophages,; and other cell are exposed.
Particle translocation	Changes in the TEER values related; to tight junctions; Macrophage-dendritic; transepithelial cells network; alterations in the GJIC.