Recent Advances in Particulate Matter and Nanoparticle Toxicology: A Review of the In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
Table 2
In vitro evidence that supports and provides plausible mechanisms for the in vivo observed effects induced by PM and NP.
In vitro evidence supporting the observed in vivo effects
In vivo observed effect
In vitro evidence
Oxidative stress
ROS increases via NADPH-oxidase in lung epithelial cell exposed to PM.
Local and systemic inflammation
Secretion of IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, TNFa, MCP-1, and so forth, by lung cells, macrophages, and cocultures.
Hyperplasia
Proliferative stimuli induced by extracts of DEP components.
COPD
Increased cytotoxicity on exposed cell cultures.
Systemic and endothelial dysfunction
Endothelial cell activation by direct contact with particles or indirectly induced in cocultures where pneumocytes, macrophages, and other cell are exposed.
Particle translocation
Changes in the TEER values related to tight junctions Macrophage-dendritic transepithelial cells network alterations in the GJIC.