The Investigation of Tramadol Dependence with No History of Substance Abuse: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Spontaneously Reported Cases in Guangzhou City, China
Table 2
History of drug abuse of 23 tramadol abusers.
Variables
Duration of tramadol abuse (month)
61.8 ± 30.2
Median (min–max)
63.0 (5–112)
Age of first tramadol use (year)
18.3 ± 4.0
Median (min–max)
18.0 (13–28)
Purpose of first tramadol use
Instigating by friends or other acquaintances
14
Curiosity or simulating
9
Medical purpose
2
Experienced the spiritual effects of drugs (euphoria)