Nephrolithiasis: Molecular Mechanism of Renal Stone Formation and the Critical Role Played by Modulators

Table 1

List of Urinary/Stone matrix protein modulators of crystallization in Nephrolithiasis.

S. no	Name of protein	Mol. Wt.; (kDa)	pI	Role in crystallization; (I: inhibiter/P: promoter)				References
				Nucleation	Growth	Aggregation	Adhesion
1	Nephrocalcin (NC)	14	4.5–6.0	I	I	I	—	[95, 98, 116]
2	Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP)	87	4.8	P	—	I/P	—	[45, 46, 79, 80, 117–121]
3	Osteopontin/Uropontin (OPN)	42–80	3.5	I	I	I	I/P	[80, 120–124]
4	Albumin	66.5	4.8	P	—	I	—	[80, 118, 120, 121, 125–127]
5	Urinary prothrombin fragment 1 (UPTF1)	31	5.0–5.4	I	I	I	—	[80, 123, 128–131]
6	Alpha-1-microglobulin	26	4.2	—	—	I	—	[126, 132]
7	Calgranulin
	S100A8	A-10.9	A-6.5	—	I	I	—	[80, 120, 121, 133–135]
	S100A9	B-13.2	B-5.7
	S100A10	C-10.6	C-5.8
8	Inter-alpha-inhibitor; IαI	Heterotrimer 180–240	5.95	I	I	I	I	[136–138]
9	Bikunin	39	2.1	I	I	I	I	[139–141]
10	Renal lithostathine	23	4.2	—	I (CaCO3)	—	—	[117, 142–144]
11	α-Defensin	10.2	6.5	—	P	P	—	[121, 134]
12	Human phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, beta	42	6.3	—	I	—	—	[145, 146]
13	Myeloperoxidase	83.9	9.19	—	P	P	—	[120, 121, 134]
14	Nucleolin	76	4.39	—	—	—	P	[120, 147]
15	Histone-lysine N methyltransferase	53	9.9	—	I	I	—	[148]
16	Inward rectifier K channel	44	5.84	—	I	I	—	[148]
17	Protein Wnt-2	42	9.06	—	I	I	—	[148]
18	Alpha-2HS glycoprotein	50	5.43	P	I	—	—	[120, 121, 123]
19	Crystal adhesion inhibitor (CAI)	39		—	—	—	I	[149]
20	Hyaluronic acid (HA)	50–800	8.6	—	—	—	P	[150–152]
21	Chondroitin sulphate (CS)	50		—	I	I	—	[66]
22	Heparin sulphate (HS)	16		—	I	—	—	[65, 66]
23	Human urinary trefoil factor 1	13.2		—	I	—	—	[153, 154]
24	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP 1)	5–20		—	—	—	P	[155, 156]
25	Annexin II	37		—	—	—	P	[157]
26	CD44	81.5	5.13	—	—	—	P	[151, 152]
27	Matrix Gla Protein (MGP)	10.6		—	I	—	I	[158–162]
28	Histone H1B	62	11.03	—	P	—	—	[163]
29	Fibronectin	230	5.39	—	—	I	I	[51, 68, 69]
30	Collagen	180	4.7–7.7	P	—	—	—	[121]