Effects of Flavonoids on Rumen Fermentation Activity, Methane Production, and Microbial Population
Table 3
Effects of flavonoids on pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids.
Items
Treatments
SEM
Ctrl
F
M
N
C
R
Q
K
pH
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
0.01
Ammonia N (mg/100 mL)
36.5
37.6
37.5
36.2
36.2
36.2
37.4
35.6
0.57
Total VFA (mM)
47.3a
41.3b
39.1c
47.0a
47.1a
46.7a
46.5a
42.3b
0.58
Acetic acid (molar %)
58.0a
52.6b
53.3b
60.2a
58.7a
60.1a
60.5a
53.6b
1.71
Propionic acid (molar %)
19.5a
16.2b
16.9b
17.8ab
19.0a
17.5ab
17.6ab
16.6b
0.75
Butyric acid (molar %)
13.8b
17.4a
18.1a
15.1b
15.5b
15.3b
15.1b
17.7a
0.66
C2 : C3 ratiob
3.0b
3.2ab
3.1ab
3.4a
3.1ab
3.4a
3.4a
3.2ab
0.20
Ctrl: control F: flavone, M: myricetin, N: naringin, C: catechin, R: rutin, Q: quercetin, and K: kaempferol. C2 : C3: acetate : propionate ratio. Means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different ().