The Investigation of Laparoscopic Instrument Movement Control and Learning Effect

Table 1

Means, ANOVA, and Tukey HSD test results of movement time.

	Movement time (ms)
	Level	Mean^a	𝐹𝑛,𝑚	𝑃 value
Magnification	Low	2476.0^C	𝐹2,10494; 51.35	<0.001
	Medium	2266.1^A
	High	2405.0^B
Amplitude	24.41	2245.8^A	𝐹4,10494; 35.50	<0.001
	33.11	2342.8^B
	42.38	2452.3^C
	51.92	2329.5^B
	61.61	2540.6^D
Angle	0	2302.3^A, B	𝐹7,10494; 27.81	<0.001
	45	2240.8^A
	90	2285.1^A, B
	135	2416.0^C
	180	2603.3^D
	225	2323.0^B
	270	2353.3^B, C
	315	2543.3^D

aA, B, C, or D is group divided by Tukey HSD tests. The means in the same group are not significantly different by the test.