Activation of the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway during the Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured on Substrates Modified with Various Chemical Groups

Figure 2

Confocal fluorescence microscopy of the cytoskeleton demonstrating the differentiated cell phenotypes from BMSCs cultured on the various test surfaces after 1 and 3 d of culture. Immunofluorescence staining of anti-F-actin (Green: (a), (e), (i), (m)), DAPI nuclear staining (Blue: (b), (f), (j), (n)), antivinculin (Red: (c), (g), (k), (o)) and merged images ((d), (h), (l), (p)). Scale bar = 50 μm. –NH₂-modified substrate for 1 day ((a), (b), (c), (d)) and 3 days ((e), (f), (g), (h)), –OH-modified substrate for 1 day ((i), (j), (k), (l)) and 3 days ((m), (n), (o), (p)).

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