TB Meningitis in HIV-Positive Patients in Europe and Argentina: Clinical Outcome and Factors Associated with Mortality
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of HIV/TB coinfected patients according to the type of TB.
TB meningitis
Pulmonary TB
Extrapulmonary TB
Chi-squared test*
N
%
N
%
N
%
All
100
(9.3)
371
(34.6)
601
(56.1)
HIV characteristics
Gender
Male
74
(74.0)
234
(63.1)
422
(70.2)
0.028
Female
26
(26.0)
137
(36.9)
179
(29.8)
Race
White
75
(75.0)
224
(60.4)
377
(62.7)
0.026
Other
25
(25.0)
147
(39.6)
224
(37.3)
Origin1
Same country
75
(78.1)
300
(82.4)
436
(74.8)
0.0056
Other Europe
6
(6.3)
8
(2.2)
13
(2.2)
Non-Europe
15
(15.6)
56
(15.4)
134
(23.0)
HIV risk2
IDU
55
(61.1)
183
(52.4)
279
(50.2)
0.17
Heterosexual
25
(27.8)
118
(33.8)
178
(32.0)
Other
10
(11.1)
48
(13.8)
100
(17.9)
Region
Argentina
5
(5.0)
46
(12.4)
64
(10.7)
0.072
South
17
(17.0)
75
(20.2)
114
(19.0)
Central
17
(17.0)
42
(11.3)
105
(17.5)
East
61
(61.0)
208
(56.1)
318
(52.9)
HBV
Negative
33
(33.0)
117
(31.5)
243
(40.4)
0.027
Positive
5
(5.0)
31
(8.4)
51
(8.5)
Unknown
62
(62.0)
223
(60.1)
307
(51.1)
HCV
Negative
11
(11.0)
58
(15.6)
109
(18.1)
0.044
Positive
35
(35.0)
106
(28.6)
210
(34.9)
Unknown
54
(54.0)
207
(55.8)
282
(46.9)
HIV before/at TB
Yes
96
(96.0)
329
(88.7)
556
(92.5)
0.027
HIV at least 3 months before TB3
72
(75.0)
258
(78.4)
396
(71.2)
0.060
Prior AIDS3
Yes
39
(40.6)
112
(34.0)
161
(29.0)
0.043
On cART3
16
(16.7)
74
(22.5)
87
(15.7)
0.035
Viral load4 (<400 cp/mL)
7
(21.9)
32
(26.9)
27
(13.8)
0.016
Median
IQR
Median
IQR
Median
IQR
Age (years)
33
28–40
33
28–41
33
28–39
0.37
HIV VL4 (Log10 cp/mL)
5.0
3.5–5.6
4.5
2.6–5.3
4.9
4.1–5.6
0.0075
CD45 (/mm3)
113
40–269
236
101–492
143
58–304
<0.0001
Time HIV+ (months)
42
3–87
38
3–76
35
30–70
0.22
Date of TB diagnosis (month/year)
12/05
1/05–4/06
6/05
9/04–3/06
8/05
11/04–5/06
0.017
TB characteristics
Prior TB6
Yes
6
(6.7)
39
(11.5)
44
(7.7)
0.11
Disseminated TB
77
(77.0)
—
—
515
(85.7)
0.038**
Certainty of TB diagnosis
Definite
4612
(46.0)
244
(65.8)
358
(59.6)
0.0037
Probable
24
(24.0)
43
(11.6)
96
(16.0)
Presumptive
30
(30.0)
84
(22.6)
147
(24.5)
Symptoms
Yes
99
(99.0)
345
(93.0)
577
(96.0)
0.018
Fever
81
(81.8)
269
(78.6)
490
(84.8)
0.033
Weight loss
51
(51.5)
177
(51.3)
342
(59.3)
0.041
Cough with expectorate
26
(26.3)
229
(66.4)
201
(34.8)
<0.0001
Dry cough
12
(12.1)
59
(17.1)
132
(22.9)
0.013
Other
79
(79.8)
161
(46.7)
357
(61.9)
<0.0001
Anti-TB drug resistance
H-resistant7
Yes
7
(33.3)
24
(25.0)
18
(13.0)
0.016
Multidrug resistant7
Yes
5
(23.8)
14
(14.7)
8
(5.8)
0.011
Initial anti-TB treatment
RHZ
51
(51.0)
246
(66.3)
367
(61.1)
0.016
On 1st line drugs only8
35
(35.0)
209
(56.3)
307
(51.1)
0.0007
On 2nd line drug (s)9
65
(65.0)
162
(43.7)
294
(48.9)
Median
IQR
Median
IQR
Median
IQR
Time since prior TB10 (months)
123
72–153
46
32–71
93
30–141
0.017
Weight11 (kg)
62
52–68
61
53–69
60
52–72
0.95
Data available for 1043 (97.3%) at baseline. 2996 (92.9%) at baseline. 3Of 981 HIV positive at baseline. 4347 patients (35.4%) of those HIV positive at baseline. 5788 (80.3%) of those HIV+ at baseline. 6Of those where information about prior TB diagnosis is known, . 7Data on resistance available for 256 patients. 8Ethambutol or streptomycin plus RHZ. 9Any other TB drug. 10Of those with a previous TB diagnosis. 11Of 703 (65.6%) with weight measured within 1 year of TB diagnosis. 12Mtb documented in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for 38 patients—microscopy (24), PCR (7), and/or culture (17). H: isoniazid, R: rifamycin, and Z: pyrazinamide. Baseline was defined as the date of TB diagnosis.
*Global values comparing all three disease groups (TBM, TBP, and TBEP).
**The value compares TBM and TBEP (by definition TBP cannot be disseminated). IDU: injection drug user, HBV: hepatitis B, HCV: hepatitis C, HIV before/at TB: HIV diagnosed before TB diagnosis, HIV at least 3 months before TB: HIV diagnosed at least 3 months before TB diagnosis, VL: viral load, and time HIV+: number of months the patients have been HIV+ (Median).
